Table 1.
Demographic characteristics, medical history, health behaviours, job exposures, and exposures external to job, nursing home workers, overall and stratified by LBP status, and univariate robust Poisson regression models of LBP prevalence, 2008–2009 (F3: 2 years after SRHP implementation)
| Total | LBP at F3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Yes | No | Prevalence ratio | 95% CI | ||
| Total, n | 1154 | 431 | 723 | ||
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Age (mean (SD)) | 41.1 (13.1) | 39.4 (13.3) | 42.2 (12.9) | 0.99 | 0.99 to 1.00 |
| Gender (n (%)) | |||||
| Male | 101 (9.3) | 30 (7.3) | 71 (10.5) | 1.0 | |
| Female | 988 (90.7) | 381 (92.7) | 607 (89.5) | 1.39 | 1.02 to 1.90 |
| Race (n (%)) | |||||
| White | 552 (47.8) | 326 (45.1) | 226 (52.4) | 1.0 | |
| Black | 468 (40.6) | 308 (42.6) | 160 (37.1) | 0.79 | 0.60 to 1.02 |
| Other/unknown | 134 (11.6) | 89 (12.3) | 45 (10.4) | 0.84 | 0.71 to 0.99 |
| BMI category (n (%)) | |||||
| Normal | 331 (30.3) | 130 (31.7) | 201 (29.4) | 1.0 | |
| Underweight | 14 (1.3) | 5 (1.2) | 9 (1.3) | 0.88 | 0.43 to 1.79 |
| Overweight | 350 (32.1) | 115 (28.2) | 235 (34.4) | 0.88 | 0.72 to 1.09 |
| Obese | 345 (31.6) | 137 (33.6) | 208 (30.4) | 1.02 | 0.84 to 1.24 |
| Extremely obese | 52 (4.8) | 21 (5.2) | 31 (4.5) | 1.08 | 0.74 to 1.58 |
| Marital status (n (%)) | |||||
| Married | 555 (49.4) | 185 (44.7) | 370 (52.2) | 1.0 | |
| Divorced | 195 (17.4) | 77 (18.6) | 118 (16.6) | 1.22 | 1.02 to 1.46 |
| Widowed | 39 (3.5) | 14 (3.4) | 25 (3.5) | 1.23 | 0.98 to 1.53 |
| Single | 334 (29.7) | 138 (33.3) | 196 (27.6) | 1.01 | 0.65 to 1.57 |
| Education | |||||
| Postgraduate | 45 (4.1) | 11 (2.7) | 34 (4.9) | 1.0 | |
| Some college or college graduate | 572 (51.8) | 217 (53.1) | 355 (51.1) | 1.52 | 0.90 to 2.57 |
| High school or less | 487 (44.1) | 181 (44.3) | 306 (44.0) | 1.55 | 0.92 to 2.62 |
| Medical history | |||||
| Previous back injury in past 12 months (n (%)) | 69 (6.0) | 54 (12.5) | 15 (2.1) | 2.24 | 1.90 to 2.63 |
| Chronic disease (n (%)) | 371 (32.6) | 131 (30.6) | 240 (33.8) | 0.91 | 0.77 to 1.07 |
| Health Behaviours | |||||
| Smoking status (n (%)) | |||||
| Never | 652 (57.6) | 232 (55.1) | 420 (59.0) | 1.0 | |
| Former | 232 (20.5) | 91 (21.6) | 141 (19.8) | 1.15 | 0.94 to 1.40 |
| Current | 249 (22.0) | 98 (23.3) | 151 (21.2) | 1.10 | 0.91 to 1.33 |
| Intense physical exercise frequency (n (%)) | |||||
| None | 253 (22.3) | 109 (25.6) | 144 (20.3) | 1.0 | |
| <1 time/week | 267 (23.5) | 110 (25.8) | 157 (22.1) | 0.89 | 0.72 to 1.10 |
| 1–2 times/week | 294 (25.9) | 106 (24.9) | 188 (26.5) | 0.78 | 0.62 to 0.97 |
| 3 times/week | 174 (15.3) | 61 (14.3) | 113 (15.9) | 0.73 | 0.57 to 0.95 |
| >3 times/week | 148 (13.0) | 40 (9.4) | 108 (15.2) | 0.58 | 0.43 to 0.80 |
| Job exposures | |||||
| Seniority (years) (mean (SD)) | 9.9 (9.8) | 9.7 (9.9) | 10.0 (9.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.00 |
| Composite physical exposure (mean (SD)) | 11.9 (3.5) | 12.6 (3.3) | 11.5 (3.6) | 1.07 | 1.04 to 1.09 |
| Psychological job demands (mean (SD)) | 5.7 (1.1) | 5.9 (1.0) | 5.5 (1.1) | 1.21 | 1.13 to 1.29 |
| Decision latitude (mean (SD)) | 5.5 (1.2) | 5.4 (1.1) | 5.5 (1.3) | 0.95 | 0.90 to 1.01 |
| Social support (mean (SD)) | 11.4 (2.3) | 10.9 (2.2) | 11.6 (2.2) | 0.91 | 0.88 to 0.94 |
| Physical assault in past 3 months (n (%)) | |||||
| None | 706 (62.3) | 216 (50.9) | 490 (69.1) | 1.0 | |
| 1–2 times | 254 (22.4) | 123 (29.0) | 131 (18.5) | 1.61 | 1.33 to 1.94 |
| 3 or more times | 173 (15.3) | 85 (20.1) | 88 (12.4) | 1.58 | 1.34 to 1.87 |
| Work safety (mean (SD)) | 2.8 (0.5) | 2.7 (0.4) | 2.9 (0.5) | 0.68 | 0.58 to 0.79 |
| Schedule control (mean (SD)) | 5.5 (1.4) | 5.5 (1.4) | 5.6 (1.4) | 0.98 | 0.93 to 1.04 |
| Frequency of lift usage (n (%)) | |||||
| Never/rarely | 374 (36.8) | 161 (41.1) | 1.0 | ||
| Sometimes/often/always | 642 (63.2) | 231 (58.9) | 0.86 | 0.73 to 1.02 | |
| Other | |||||
| Other paid job (n (%)) | 221 (19.6) | 83 (19.7) | 138 (19.4) | 1.01 | 0.84 to 1.22 |
| Work–family imbalance (mean (SD)) | 2.4 (0.7) | 2.5 (0.6) | 2.3 (0.7) | 1.46 | 1.31 to 1.62 |
BMI, body mass index; LBP, low back pain; SRHP, safe resident handling programme.