Table 1.
Baseline demographic, clinical, and psychosocial characteristics of REAL Diabetes study participants
| Total, n = 81 | IG, n = 41 | CG, n = 40 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||
| Age (years) | 22.6 ± 3.5 | 23.3 ± 3.6 | 21.9 ± 3.3 |
| Sex (% female) | 51 (63) | 22 (54) | 29 (72) |
| Generation* | |||
| 0 | 21 (26) | 10 (24) | 11 (28) |
| 1 | 35 (43) | 20 (49) | 15 (38) |
| 2 | 25 (31) | 11 (27) | 14 (35) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 8 (10) | 3 (7) | 5 (12) |
| Black | 8 (10) | 3 (7) | 5 (12) |
| Hispanic/Latino | 63 (78) | 35 (85) | 28 (70) |
| Other | 2 (2) | 0 | 2 (5) |
| Hollingshead Index (n = 67) | 29.6 ± 13.1 | 27.3 ± 11.9 | 32.5 ± 14.1 |
| Neighborhood income ($K)† | 43.8 ± 16 | 42.6 ± 16.0 | 45.0 ± 16.0 |
| Neighborhood % below federal poverty level† | 23.8 ± 11.3 | 23.9 ± 11.0 | 23.8 ± 11.8 |
| Recruitment site (recruitment strategy) | |||
| County hospital (in person) | 39 (48) | 20 (49) | 19 (48) |
| Children’s hospital (in person/mass mailing) | 13 (16) | 8 (20) | 5 (13) |
| Other community settings (social media advertising) | 29 (36) | 13 (32) | 16 (40) |
| Diabetes care provider | |||
| Endocrinologist | 57 (70) | 30 (73) | 27 (68) |
| Primary care provider | 16 (20) | 8 (20) | 8 (20) |
| No regular source of care/unknown | 8 (10) | 3 (7) | 5 (13) |
| Clinical | |||
| Diabetes type | |||
| Type 1 diabetes | 61 (75) | 31 (76) | 30 (75) |
| Type 2 diabetes | 20 (25) | 10 (24) | 10 (25) |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 9.7 ± 5.8 | 10.0 ± 5.9 | 9.4 ± 5.8 |
| Family history of diabetes | 65 (80) | 28 (68) | 37 (92) |
| Treatment regimen | |||
| None | 3 (4) | 2 (5) | 1 (2) |
| Oral medication and/or noninsulin injectable only | 4 (5) | 3 (7) | 1 (2) |
| Insulin only | 63 (78) | 31 (76) | 32 (80) |
| Oral medication and/or noninsulin injectable + insulin | 11 (14) | 5 (12) | 6 (15) |
| Among those on insulin | |||
| Fixed regimen | 28 (38) | 12 (33) | 16 (42) |
| Intensive regimen: injections/pen | 35 (43) | 20 (49) | 15 (39) |
| Intensive regimen: insulin pump | 9 (11) | 5 (12) | 4 (11) |
| Unknown | 2 (2) | 1 (2) | 3 (8) |
| Health care utilization (12 months prior to baseline) | |||
| Number of routine diabetes visits (n = 77) | 3.2 ± 1.8 | 3.0 ± 1.9 | 3.5 ± 1.8 |
| ≥2 visits with HbA1c taken ≥3 months apart (n = 77) | 49 (64) | 24 (60) | 25 (68) |
| Proportion of participants reporting ≥1 diabetes-related hospitalization | 19 (23) | 9 (22) | 10 (25) |
| Psychosocial | |||
| Substance abuse (CAGE-AID; range 0–4) | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 1.0 | 0.5 ± 1.0 |
| Stressful life events (range 0–24) | 5.0 ± 3.6 | 4.8 ± 3.6 | 5.1 ± 3.5 |
Data are mean ± SD or n (%). CAGE-AID, Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener–Adapted to Include Drugs.
*0 = participant born outside U.S.; 1 = participant but neither parent born in U.S.; 2 = at least one parent born in the U.S.
†Using 2010 census tract data.