Table 4.
Adjusted mean (SE) left ventricular structural and functional outcomes at year 25 according to the duration of prediabetes during follow-up (the CARDIA Study)
| Duration of prediabetes (years) |
Ptrend | Per each additional 5 years | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1–5 | 6–10 | 11–15 | >15 | |||
| Structural outcomes | |||||||
| Left ventricular mass (g) | |||||||
| No. of participants | 1,273 | 619 | 527 | 223 | 175 | ||
| Model 1 | 178.9 (2.2) | 181.9 (2.6) | 188.9 (2.7) | 189.5 (3.5) | 189.9 (4.0) | <0.001 | 3.8 (0.69) |
| Model 2 | 168.0 (2.1) | 166.5 (2.4) | 170.9 (2.5) | 168.2 (3.3) | 166.8 (3.6) | 0.54 | 0.39 (0.64) |
| Relative wall thickness | |||||||
| No. of participants | 1,272 | 619 | 526 | 222 | 175 | ||
| Model 1 | 0.35 (0.004) | 0.36 (0.004) | 0.36 (0.004) | 0.36 (0.006) | 0.35 (0.006) | 0.08 | 0.0019 (0.001) |
| Model 2 | 0.35 (0.004) | 0.35 (0.004) | 0.36 (0.004) | 0.36 (0.006) | 0.35 (0.006) | 0.53 | 0.0007 (0.001) |
| Systolic function outcomes | |||||||
| Ejection fraction (%) | |||||||
| No. of participants | 1,273 | 619 | 527 | 223 | 175 | ||
| Model 1 | 68.6 (0.4) | 69.9 (0.5) | 70.0 (0.5) | 69.8 (0.6) | 68.4 (0.7) | 0.10 | 0.20 (0.12) |
| Model 2 | 68.8 (0.4) | 70.1 (0.5) | 70.2 (0.5) | 70.0 (0.7) | 68.6 (0.7) | 0.13 | 0.20 (0.13) |
| Longitudinal strain (%) | |||||||
| No. of participants | 1,224 | 611 | 519 | 229 | 173 | ||
| Model 1 | −14.7 (0.1) | −14.4 (0.1) | −14.3 (0.1) | −14.2 (0.2) | −14.1 (0.2) | <0.001 | 0.17 (0.04) |
| Model 2 | −14.9 (0.1) | −14.6 (0.1) | −14.6 (0.1) | −14.5 (0.2) | −14.5 (0.2) | <0.001 | 0.13 (0.04) |
| Diastolic function outcomes | |||||||
| e′ (cm/s) | |||||||
| No. of participants | 1,357 | 685 | 585 | 256 | 203 | ||
| Model 1 | 11.4 (0.1) | 10.9 (0.1) | 10.9 (0.2) | 11.1 (0.2) | 10.8 (0.2) | <0.001 | −0.20 (0.04) |
| Model 2 | 11.6 (0.1) | 11.2 (0.1) | 11.2 (0.2) | 11.5 (0.2) | 11.3 (0.2) | 0.002 | −0.12 (0.04) |
| E-to-e′ ratio | |||||||
| No. of participants | 1,345 | 681 | 584 | 253 | 202 | ||
| Model 1 | 7.5 (0.11) | 7.8 (0.12) | 7.8 (0.13) | 7.6 (0.17) | 8.0 (0.18) | <0.001 | 0.12 (0.03) |
| Model 2 | 7.3 (0.11) | 7.5 (0.12) | 7.4 (0.13) | 7.2 (0.17) | 7.4 (0.19) | 0.20 | 0.04 (0.03) |
Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, race, educational attainment, study center, and duration of diabetes. Model 2 was adjusted for model 1 variables in addition to lifetime pack-years of smoking, use of blood pressure–lowering medication, and mean BMI, systolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol level during follow-up.