Fig. 4.

Influence of the intense El Niño years on annual CO₂ fluxes of the past three decades. Comparison of mean annual CO₂ fluxes (NBP, LUC emissions, fire emissions and plant CO₂ exchange) between the intense El Niño years and rest of years for a the 1980s, b the 1990s and c the 2000s. Mean annual NBP from the atmospheric CO₂ inversions (cyan) and TRENDY S3 (orange) are shown for the three decades, and Δbiomass (dashed green horizontal line) for the 1990s (1994–1999) and the 2000s (2000–2009). Component fluxes such as LUC emissions (white) and fire emissions (red), and plant CO₂ exchange (pink) are the estimates from the TRENDY S3. Fire emissions considering the attribution from peat and deforestation fires (the CLM model; orange triangles) are shown separately from an ensemble average of fire emissions by the other models. Error bars of each flux represent 1σ variation among models