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. 2018 Mar 20;8:4879. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23212-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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RCC tumor growth and metastasis are controlled by βArr2. (A) Subrenal tumor growth. Control and βArr2^ko Clone1 and Clone2 (1 × 10⁶) cells were embedded in collagen and implanted under the renal capsule of athymic nude mice (n = 7 mice per cell line) and allowed to grow for 5 weeks. N, contralateral normal kidney and T, kidney harboring tumor. (B) Tumor weight was measured by subtracting the weight of N kidney from that of T kidney. ***P < 0.001. (C) Representative anti-human LDHA staining of kidney tissue sections showing the infiltration pattern of tumor cells into the mouse kidney. Arrows point to the edge of the cortex under the capsule. (D) Visible metastasis on spleen, liver, and intestine in control mice relative to mice implanted with βArr2^ko Clone1 and Clone2 SN12C tumors. (E) Representative images of anti-human LDHA staining of lung tissue. (F) Bar plot showing the number of total and metastasis-positive to the lungs.