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. 2018 Mar 20;9:1008. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03281-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Functional studies of pathways regulating development and reproduction in the American cockroach. a Regulation of molting by ecdysone receptor (EcR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) genes in the 20E signal pathway. Mortality rates were checked after RNAi treatment of indicated numbers of individuals (n). CK, control dsRNA corresponds to that in Fig. 3. b Regulation of metamorphosis by methoprene-tolerant (Met) and kruppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) in the juvenile hormone (JH) pathway. Adult proportion index was checked after the JH singling was disrupted. c Regulation of growth by the insulin signaling pathway genes. Insulin-like receptor (InR), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and target of rapamycin (TOR) genes were repeatedly depleted by dsRNA injection during 3 weeks. Three injections were given and cumulative growth rate of body weight (%) was calculated. Student’s t-test: ***p < 0.001. d Morphology change of ovary maturation during the first reproductive cycle in virgin females. Vitellogenin (Vg), double-sex (Dsx), and nine genes involved in the pathways of insulin, JH, and 20E were knocked down by RNAi. Gonadosomatic index and primary oocyte length were used to evaluate the ovary maturation degree. All the data were calculated as the mean value of three replicates. Error bars represent standard deviation. Two-tailed Student’s t-test: *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001. Details of all involved pathways are shown in Supplementary Tables 16–18