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. 2018 Mar 20;8:4891. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23101-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cultivar-specific flowering day observed in the field experiment in 2015/2016 (a) and 2016/2017 (b); photo-vernal-thermal time (PVTT, °C day) from emergence to flowering calculated for 2015/2016 (a) and 2016/2017 (b); the 1:1 plot showing a cross validation of the phenology model by simulating the flowering day in 2016 by using the PVTT from 2016/2017 and simulating the flowering day in 2017 by using the PVTT from 2015/2016 (c); and the PVTT from emergence to heading (d) obtained from the long-term (1952–2013) phenology observations across western Germany.