Table 4.
Longitudinal relationship between diet scores (mean Phase 2 and Phase 3), and cardiovascular risk markers (Phase 5) in the Caerphilly Prospective Study
| Healthy diet indicator | Dietary approaches to stop hypertension score | Alternative healthy eating index-2010a | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | Per SD | T1 | T2 | T3 | Per SD | T1 | T2 | T3 | Per SD | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||||||
| Crude | Referent | −2.54 (−5.80, 0.72) | −1.37 (−4.91, 2.17) | −0.52 (−1.85, 0.81) | Referent | −2.90 (−6.74, 0.94) | −1.37 (−5.10, 2.27) | −0.14 (−1.56, 1.29) | Referent | −1.63 (−5.25, 1.99) | −1.87 (−5.39, 1.66) | −0.91 (−2.33, 0.52) |
| Adjusted | Referent | −2.00 (−5.30, 1.30) | −0.98 (−4.58, 2.63) | −0.40 (−1.76, 0.95) | Referent | −3.27 (−7.26, 0.72) | −1.76 (−5.84, 2.32) | −0.13 (−1.76, 1.49) | Referent | −1.69 (−5.45, 2.08) | −1.84 (−5.89, 2.21) | −1.07 (−2.75, 0.61) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||||||
| Crude | Referent | −0.50 (−2.34, 1.34) | −0.40 (−2.40, 1.60) | −0.04 (−0.79, 0.71) | Referent | −0.94 (−3.10, 1.23) | −1.62 (−3.67, 0.44) | −0.78 (−1.58, 0.02) | Referent | −0.68 (−2.72, 1.36) | −1.52 (−3.51, 0.47) | −0.79 (−1.60, 0.01) |
| Adjusted | Referent | −0.66 (−2.51, 1.20) | −0.07 (−2.10, 1.95) | 0.11 (−0.66, 0.87) | Referent | −1.03 (−3.27, 1.21) | −1.94 (−4.23, 0.35) | −0.94 (−1.85, −0.04)* | Referent | −0.86 (−2.96, 1.25) | −1.56 (−3.82, 0.71) | −0.87 (−1.81, 0.08) |
| Augmentation index (%) | ||||||||||||
| Crude | Referent | −1.45 (−2.99, 0.08) | −0.95 (−2.61, 0.72) | −0.43 (−1.06, 0.20) | Referent | −1.69 (−3.49, 0.12) | −1.00 (−2.71, 0.72) | −0.32 (−0.99, 0.35) | Referent | −0.08 (−1.78, 1.63) | 0.51 (−1.16, 2.17) | 0.05 (−0.63, 0.72) |
| Adjusted | Referent | −1.27 (−2.84, 0.29) | −0.72 (−2.42, 0.99) | −0.37 (−1.02, 0.27) | Referent | −1.61 (−3.50, 0.28) | −0.73 (−2.66, 1.20) | −0.20 (−0.97, 0.57) | Referent | 0.22 (−1.56, 2.00) | 1.36 (−0.55, 3.27) | 0.35 (−0.44, 1.15) |
| Pulse wave velocity (m/s) | ||||||||||||
| Crude | Referent | −0.27 (−0.73, 0.20) | −0.14 (−0.64, 0.37) | −0.02 (−0.21, 0.17) | Referent | −0.06 (−0.61, 0.49) | −0.32 (−0.84, 0.20) | −0.14 (−0.35, 0.06) | Referent | −0.24 (−0.76, 0.27) | −0.58 (−1.09, −0.07) | −0.24 (−0.44, −0.04)** |
| Adjusted | Referent | −0.15 (−0.59, 0.30) | −0.13 (−0.62, 0.35) | −0.03 (−0.21, 0.15) | Referent | −0.25 (−0.79, 0.28) | −0.51 (−1.06, 0.03) | −0.19 (−0.41, 0.02) | Referent | −0.37 (−0.88, 0.13) | −0.77 (−1.31, −0.23)* | −0.36 (−0.58, −0.14)** |
| Log triacylglycerol (mmol/L) | ||||||||||||
| Crude | Referent | 0.05 (−0.03, 0.13) | 0.01 (−0.08, 0.10) | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) | Referent | 0.02 (−0.08, 0.11) | −0.03 (−0.12, 0.06) | −0.04 (−0.07, 0.00) | Referent | −0.01 (−0.10, 0.08) | −0.04 (−0.13, 0.04) | −0.04 (−0.08, −0.01)* |
| Adjusted | Referent | 0.05 (−0.03, 0.13) | 0.03 (−0.06, 0.12) | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.05) | Referent | 0.03 (−0.07, 0.13) | 0.02 (−0.08, 0.12) | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.02) | Referent | −0.001 (−0.09, 0.09) | −0.001 (−0.10, 0.10) | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) |
| Log C—reactive protein (mg/L) | ||||||||||||
| Crude | Referent | 0.00 (−0.21, 0.22) | −0.08 (−0.32, 0.15) | −0.03 (−0.11, 0.06) | Referent | −0.09 (−0.35, 0.16) | −0.21 (−0.45, 0.03) | −0.06 (−0.16, 0.03) | Referent | 0.02 (−0.22, 0.25) | −0.17 (−0.40, 0.07) | −0.12 (−0.21, −0.02)** |
| Adjusted | Referent | −0.00 (−0.22, 0.21) | −0.02 (−0.26, 0.21) | −0.01 (−0.10, 0.07) | Referent | −0.04 (−0.30, 0.23) | −0.12 (−0.39, 0.14) | −0.03 (−0.14, 0.07) | Referent | 0.02 (−0.23, 0.26) | −0.14 (−0.41, 0.11) | −0.11 (−0.22, 0.00)** |
Crude and adjusted change in cardiovascular risk markers expressed using the regression coefficients (95% CI). Adjusted for age, smoking status, social class, physical activity, total energy intake, usual alcohol consumption, and BMI
*P < 0.01 and P trend < 0.01; **P < 0.05
aNo adjustment for usual alcohol consumption in the multivariable model