Table 2.
Rates of mental health difficulties (GHQ-12 ‘caseness’) and wellbeing levels (WEMWBS Total) by child and family characteristics
| N = 104 | N | GHQ-12 caseness | WEMWBS total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | M | SD | |||
| Child characteristics | ||||||
| Social affect | ||||||
| ADOS-2 SA CSS high | 49 | 23 | 46.9 | 46.73 | 10.30 | |
| ADOS-2 SA CSS minimal/low/moderate | 50 | 25 | 50 | 46.73 | 8.19 | |
| Restrictive and repetitive behaviours | ||||||
| ADOS-2 RRB CSS high | 70 | 35 | 50 | 46.80 | 9.24 | |
| ADOS-2 RRB CSS minimal/low/moderate | 29 | 13 | 44.8 | 46.57 | 9.41 | |
| Level of speech | ||||||
| Module 1 few/no words | 25 | 11 | 44 | 47.17 | 9.85 | |
| Module 1 some words | 12 | 6 | 50 | 42.68 | 9.29 | |
| Module 2 phrase speech | 17 | 10 | 58.8 | 43.72 | 10.89 | |
| Module 3 fluent speech | 45 | 21 | 46.7 | 48.70 | 7.79 | |
| Cognitive ability | ||||||
| BAS ≤ 70 | 65 | 36 | 55.4 | 45.95 | 9.87 | |
| BAS ≥ 71 | 36 | 14 | 38.9 | 47.88 | 7.76 | |
| Daily living skills | ||||||
| VABS DLS ≤ 70 | 70 | 38 | 54.3 | 45.24 | 9.42 | |
| VABS DLS ≥ 71 | 28 | 9 | 32.1 | 49.80 | 7.67 | |
| Emotional and behavioural difficulties | ||||||
| SDQ total abnormal | 52 | 31 | 59.6 | 44.53 | 9.03 | |
| SDQ total typical/borderline | 37 | 12 | 32.4 | 49.42 | 7.61 | |
| Family characteristics | ||||||
| Household income | ||||||
| Below median | 57 | 29 | 50.9 | 45.07 | 9.79 | |
| Above median | 45 | 19 | 42.2 | 48.91 | 7.97 | |
| Educational level | ||||||
| Low (NQF ≤ 4) | 54 | 24 | 44.4 | 47.03 | 9.51 | |
| Intermediate/high (NQF ≥ 5) | 40 | 20 | 50 | 45.99 | 8.42 | |
| No. of parents living in the house | ||||||
| 1 parent | 23 | 12 | 52.2 | 44.14 | 8.49 | |
| 2 parents | 74 | 34 | 45.9 | 47.20 | 9.21 | |
| Other children with dev. diff./dis. | ||||||
| ≥ 1 child | 30 | 12 | 40 | 47.00 | 9.66 | |
| None | 67 | 34 | 50.7 | 46.24 | 8.89 | |
| PACT therapy in pre-school years | ||||||
| No | 55 | 30 | 54.5 | 46.56 | 9.51 | |
| Yes | 49 | 20 | 40.8 | 46.81 | 8.77 | |
ADOS-2 CSS, SA CSS and RRB CSS Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule Second Edition Composite Severity Score for Total, Social Affect and Restrictive and Repetitive Behaviours, BAS SNC SS British Ability Scales Standard Nonverbal Composite Standard Score, VABS SOC SS, VABS COMM SS and VABS DLS SS Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales Second Edition Standard Score for the Socialization, Communication and Daily Living Skills Domains, SDQ Total Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Total Problems Score, NQF National Qualifications Framework, dev. diff/dis. developmental difficulties/disorder, PACT Pre-school Autism Communication Trial