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. 2018 Feb 8;46(4):605–615. doi: 10.1007/s10439-018-1986-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Degree of macroscopic superficial damage (a). Degree of microscopic internal damage (b). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Filled star: statistically significant difference with 15 N; open circle: statistically significant difference with 25 N; open square: statistically significant difference with 35 N; asterisk: statisitically significant difference with 5 mm/min. Filled star, open circle, open square and asterisk: p < 0.05.