Table 3. Surveillance strategy.
| Study | DRE (frequency in months) | PSA (frequency in months) | Free to total ratio PSA (frequency in months) | General health assessment | Urinary symptoms assessment | Imaging | Number of biopsy cores | 1st re–biopsy scheduled (frequency in months) | Follow–up biopsy schedule |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MSKCC (10) | 6/12 | 6/12 | 6/12 | Yes | Yes | – | 10–12 | 12–18/12 | Every 2–3 years or change in DRE/sustained PSA rise |
| John Hopkins (11) | 6/12 | 6/12 | – | – | – | – | 12 | 12/12 | Annually |
| UCSF (12) | 6/12 | 3/12 | – | – | – | TRUS 6/12 | 12 | 9/12 | Every 1–2 years |
| PRIAS (13) | – | 3/12 (up to 2 years) then 6/12 | – | – | – | – | Prostate volume dependant (PV <40 cm3 =8; 40–60 cm3 =10; >60 cm3 =12) |
12/12 | Year 4 & 7 |
| University of Miami (14) | 3–4/12 (2 years) then 6/12 | 3–4/12 (up to 2 years) then 6/12 | – | – | Yes (ICI–SF) | – | Not recorded | 12/12 (after 2000–10/12 cores taken at 9/12) | Annually (earlier if a dramatic rise in PSA or change in DRE) |
| Royal Marsden (15) | 3/12 (year 1), 4/12 (year 2) then every 6/12 | 3/12 (year 1), 4/12 (year 2) then every 6/12 | – | Yes | – | – | 10–12 | 24/12 | Every 2 years |
| Protec T (16) | – | 3/12 (up to 1 year) then 6–12/12 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| University of Toronto (17) | – | 3/12 (up to 2 years) then 6/12 | – | – | – | – | 8–14 | 12/12 | Every 3–4 years up to age 80 |
| University of Copenhagen (18) | 3/12 | 3/12 | – | – | – | – | 10–12 | 12/12 | Variable depending on patient risk (PSAD) |
| St Vincents, Australia (19) | 6/12 (3 years) then annually |
3/12 (up to 3 years) then 6/12 | – | – | – | – | – | 12/12 | At 1–2 years then every 3–5 years (switched to watchful waiting once age >75 years/life expectancy <7 years) |
| Goteborg (20) | 3/12–6/12 | 3/12–6/12 | – | – | – | – | – | No | Every 2–3 years or on clinical progression |
| Multi–institutional Canary PASS (21) | 6/12 | 3/12 | – | Yes | – | – | – | 6/12–2/12 | Year 2, 4, 6 |
| Milan (SAINT + PRIAS) (22) | 6/12 (SAINT) | 3/12 | – | – | – | – | Since 2012, Prostate volume dependant (PV <40 cm3 =8; 40–60 cm3 =10; >60 cm3 =12) | 12/12 then 24/12 | Every 2 years |
| 6/12 (PRIAS) | 3/12 (up to 2 years) then 6/12 | – | – | – | – | Prostate volume dependant (PV <40 cm3 =8; 40–60 cm3 =10; >60 cm3 =12) | 12/12 | Year 4 & 7 |
PSAD, PSA density; PSADT, PSA doubling time; PSAV, PSA velocity; TRUS, trans-rectal ultrasound; MCL, maximum cancer length; ICI-SF, international conference on incontinence short-form.