Table 2.
Correlates of effective contraceptive use among Kenyan postpartum women attending maternal and child health clinics with a need for family planning, 2013. (n=733)1
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| Weight Mean (SD) or Unweighted N (Weighted %) |
Weighted Poisson generalized linear models
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| Effective contraceptive use
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| N2 | No | Yes | p3 | Crude PR (95% CI) | p | Adjusted PR (95% CI)4 | p | |
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| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||
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| Age category (years) | 733 | |||||||
| ≤19 | 16 (6%) | 30 (6%) | 0.006 | 1.33 (0.98-1.81) | 0.07 | 1.34 (0.99-1.81) | 0.06 | |
| 20-34 | 191 (78%) | 420 (86%) | 1.37 (1.09-1.74) | 0.008 | 1.27 (1.00-1.61) | 0.05 | ||
| ≥35 | 37 (15%) | 39 (8%) | Ref | |||||
| Completed education (per year increase) | 733 | 8.8 (4.3) | 10.2 (3.3) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.02-1.05) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01-1.04) | 0.004 |
| Both parents alive (vs. one or both deceased) | 729 | 132 (54%) | 311 (64%) | 0.007 | 1.16 (1.04-1.30) | 0.01 | 1.08 (0.97-1.21) | 0.17 |
| Married | 733 | 233 (96%) | 466 (95%) | 0.9 | 0.98 (0.77-1.24) | 0.9 | ||
| Monthly household income ≥10,000 KSH | 606 | 37 (26%) | 118 (36%) | 0.05 | 1.14 (1.01-1.29) | 0.04 | ||
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| Relationships and sexual behavior | ||||||||
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| Relationship duration (per year increase)5 | 711 | 6.2 (5.3) | 5.2 (4.1) | 0.01 | 0.98 (0.97-1.00) | 0.01 | ||
| Partner age difference (per year older)5 | 646 | 5.8 (4.7) | 5.4 (4.8) | 0.4 | 0.99 (0.98-1.01) | 0.4 | ||
| ≥1 current sexual partners | 711 | 5 (2%) | 20 (4%) | 0.15 | 1.21 (0.98-1.48) | 0.07 | ||
| Number of lifetime sexual partners | 688 | 1.9 (1.0) | 1.9 (1.2) | 0.7 | 0.99 (0.95-1.04) | 0.8 | ||
| Intimate partner violence (within the past year) | 733 | 106 (43%) | 209 (42%) | 0.97 | 1.00 (0.90-1.11) | 0.97 | ||
| Partner HIV status known4 | 711 | 159 (67%) | 339 (71%) | 0.27 | 1.07 (0.95-1.20) | 0.28 | ||
| HIV-infected partner5,6 | 498 | 14 (8%) | 16 (5%) | 0.13 | 0.80 (0.58-1.12) | 0.2 | ||
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| Reproductive history | ||||||||
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| Gravidity ≥3 | 733 | 108 (44%) | 166 (34%) | 0.008 | 0.86 (0.77-0.97) | 0.01 | ||
| ≥2 living children | 733 | 168 (68%) | 281 (57%) | 0.004 | 0.86 (0.78-0.95) | 0.003 | ||
| ≥4 ANC visits | 689 | 115 (65%) | 268 (75%) | 0.017 | 1.18 (1.02-1.38) | 0.03 | 1.09 (0.94-1.27) | 0.2 |
| Partner attended ANC | 719 | 83 (35%) | 193 (41%) | 0.13 | 1.09 (0.98-1.21) | 0.12 | ||
| Facility delivery | 733 | 163 (67%) | 400 (81%) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.15-1.55) | <0.001 | 1.26 (1.06-1.49) | 0.008 |
| Tried to become pregnant (last pregnancy) | 732 | 155 (64%) | 327 (68%) | 0.33 | 1.06 (0.94-1.18) | 0.34 | ||
| Duration of breastfeeding (per month increase) | 730 | 8.9 (0.5) | 8.9 (0.6) | 0.96 | 1.00 (0.92-1.10) | 0.96 | ||
| Discussed FP with provider during ANC or PNC (vs. neither) | 733 | 88 (35%) | 262 (53%) | <0.001 | 1.27 (1.14-1.41) | <0.001 | ||
| Discussed FP with provider | 733 | |||||||
| Never | 733 | 156 (65%) | 227 (47%) | <0.001 | ref | |||
| During ANC only | 733 | 28 (11%) | 58 (12%) | 1.14 (0.97-1.36) | 0.12 | 1.07 (0.89-1.28) | 0.5 | |
| During PNC only | 733 | 35 (14%) | 110 (23%) | 1.28 (1.13-1.45) | <0.001 | 1.25 (1.10-1.42) | 0.001 | |
| During ANC and PNC | 733 | 25 (10%) | 94 (19%) | 1.34 (1.18-1.52) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.18-1.51) | <0.001 | |
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| Clinical history | ||||||||
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| Ever previously diagnosed with STI | 733 | 7 (3%) | 18 (4%) | 0.6 | 1.07 (0.83-1.38) | 0.6 | ||
| HIV-infected | 723 | 24 (9%) | 30 (6%) | 0.11 | 0.84 (0.66-1.07) | 0.15 | ||
| Currently on ART (vs. not on ART)7 | 54 | 14 (58%) | 17 (57%) | 0.96 | 0.99 (0.61 -1.61) | 0.96 | ||
PR=prevalence ratio, p=p-value, CI=confidence interval, FP=FP, ANC=antenatal care, PNC=postnatal care, IUD= intrauterine device, OCP = oral contraceptive pill, ART=antiretroviral therapy, STI=sexually transmitted infection. Dual methods include condoms and another modern method. Women with a need for FP had resumed sexual activity by 9-months postpartum and did not desire more children in the next 2 years. Percentages are weighted.
Effective contraception defined as intrauterine devices, implants, oral and injectable contraceptives, dual methods (condoms and hormonal method) or tubal ligation
Number of observations with complete information included in model
Chi-squared test for proportions and T-tests for continuous measures
Adjusted for education (completed years), age category, both parents being alive, number of ANC visits during last pregnancy and delivery at facility. Number of living children, gravidity and relationship duration were excluded due to collinearity with age. Income was excluded due to collinearity with education. Number of ANC visits during last pregnancy was excluded due to collinearity with facility delivery.
Among women with current male partners
Compared to women with HIV-uninfected male partners
Among HIV-infected women (n=81)