Table 1.

Summary of effects for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and heart failure hospitalisation

Outcome	All trials	Drug classes			Follow-up duration		Entry LV ejection fraction threshold		Mean LV ejection fraction
		Beta-blockers	RAAS antagonists	Other	3–12 months	>12 months	40%–49%	≥50%	<60%	≥60%
All-cause mortality	0.96 (0.90 to 1.03)	0.78 (0.65 to 0.94) p=0.008	1.00 (0.93 to 1.08)	0.95 (0.78 to 1.15)	0.79 (0.66 to 0.95) p=0.01	0.99 (0.92 to 1.06)	0.96 (0.88 to 1.03)	0.99 (0.74 to 1.32)	0.93 (0.82 to 1.05)	1.01 (0.90 to 1.12)
Cardiovascular mortality	0.95 (0.87 to 1.03)	0.75 (0.60 to 0.94) p=0.01	0.99 (0.89 to 1.09)	1.01 (0.76 to 1.34)	0.71 (0.55 to 0.90) p=0.005	0.99 (0.90 to 1.08)	0.95 (0.87 to 1.03)	-	0.90 (0.78 to 1.05)	1.02 (0.89 to 1.17)
Heart failure hospitalisation	0.88 (0.81 to 0.95) p=0.002	0.67 (0.42 to 1.07)	0.90 (0.82 to 0.98) p=0.01	0.81 (0.64 to 1.04)	0.67 (0.48 to 0.94) p=0.02	0.90 (0.82 to 0.98) p=0.02	0.88 (0.82 to 0.96) p=0.002	0.51 (0.18 to 1.48)	0.85 (0.76 to 0.94) p=0.002	0.92 (0.82 to 1.04)

Data presented as risk ratios (for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and hospitalisation outcomes) or mean difference (exercise capacity, 6MWD, VO₂ max and MLHFQ), with 95% CI and I² statistic. p values included for analyses that reached statistical significance at p=0.05. RAAS blockers include all trials using ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and mineralocorticoid (each class individually had no effect on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality or heart failure hospitalisation). Only one trial that reported cardiovascular mortality had an entry LV ejection fraction ≥50%. Only one trial with LV ejection fraction threshold ≥50% reported cardiovascular mortality.

6MWD, 6 min walk distance; LV, left ventricular; MLHFQ, Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.