Table 1.
Summary of Specific Parameters by Countries
| Parameters (2012–13) | Belarus | Georgia | Kazakhstan | Moldova | Tajikistan | Sourcesa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | ||||||
| Population aged 15–65 y | 6739080 | 3120600 | 11504430 | 2628642 | 4927304 | World Bank |
| Number of PWID | 75000 | 45000 | 116840 | 19400 | 25000 | UNAIDS |
| Number on OST | 908 | 2250 | 184 | 310 | 300 | UNAIDS |
| Number of syringes distributed | 2400000 | 1021870 | 23000000 | 1887578 | 4981270 | UNAIDS |
| HCV prevalence in general population | 1.5% | 6.7% | 3.1% | 4.9% | 4.0% | UNAIDS |
| HCV prevalence in PWID | 39.0% (9–39) | 51.0% | 56.6% | 47.2% | 25.0% | UNAIDS |
| % diagnosed | 14% (13.5–27) | 27% (13.5–27) | 14% (13.5–27) | 14% (13.5–27) | 14% (13.5–27) | UNAIDS |
| % on DAA | 0.001% | 0.001% | 0.001% | 0.001% | 0.001% | UNAIDS |
| HIV prevalence in general population | 0.35% | 0.30% | 0.20% | 0.30% | 0.52% | UNAIDS |
| HIV prevalence in PWID | 13.7% | 3.0% (3.0–3.45) | 8.0% | 14.7% | 13.5% | UNAIDS |
| % diagnosed | 66% (33–66) | 90% | 90% | 66% | 63% | UNAIDS |
| % of ART-eligible treated among HIV-diagnosed | 66% | 88% | 38% | 46% | 69% | UNAIDS |
| CD4 count at diagnosis in PWID | 361 | 212 | 415 | 254 | 231 | UNAIDS |
| % of HCV-infected among HIV-infected in PWID | 40% | 74% | 93% | 88% | 40% | UNAIDS |
| Behavior | ||||||
| Baseline risk of HIV transmission/contaminated syringe | 0.63% | 0.63% | 0.63% | 0.63% | 0.63% | [17] |
| Baseline risk of HCV transmission/contaminated syringe | 4.0% | 4.0% | 4.0% | 4.0% | 4.0% | [6] |
| Number of injections per y per PWID | 200 | 180 | 268 | 142 | 400 | UNAIDS |
| Sharing rate (baseline - without NSP) | 4.9% (4.9–9.8) | 6.7% (6.7–13>4) | 6.7% (6.7–13.4) | 8.1% (8.1–16.2) | 7.4% (7.4–14.8) | UNAIDS |
| RR of transmission if 100% NSP | 50% | 50% | 50% | 50% | 50% | [15] |
| RR of injections if OST | 17% (15–85) | 17% (15–85) | 17% (15–85) | 17% (15–85) | 17% (15–85) | Expert opinion [6] |
| Sexual behavior | ||||||
| Baseline risk of HIV transmission/sexual intercourse | 0.08% | 0.08% | 0.08% | 0.08% | 0.08% | [17, 18] |
| Baseline risk of HCV transmission/sexual intercourse | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.01% | Assumption [19] |
| Affinity rate (among PWID) | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | [9, 21] |
| Costs (2013 USD)b | ||||||
| HIV-diagnosed with CD4 >350/y | 365 | 565 | 302 | 659 | 96 | UNAIDS |
| HIV-diagnosed with CD4 <350/y | 365 | 829 | 297 | 659 | 99 | UNAIDS |
| Average cost of ART/patient/y (1st line) | 192 | 324 | 1064 | 316 | 166 | UNAIDS |
| HCV-diagnosed with F2-F3/y | 55 | 127 | 179 | 0 | 14 | UNAIDS |
| HCV-diagnosed with F4/y | 62 | 498 | 1078 | 537 | 85 | UNAIDS |
| Average costs of complications (decomp. cirrhosis and HCC) | 3106 | 1628 | 5401 | 764 | 425 | UNAIDS |
| Average cost of DAA/patient/y (based on Peg+Riba) | 11424 (900–11424) | 23280 (900–23280) | 13105 (900–13105) | 12986 (900–12986) | 2372 (900–2372) | UNAIDS |
| Total cost of OST/patient/y | 594 | 1290 | 1216 | 879 | 540 | UNAIDS |
| Total cost of NSP/PWID/y | 114 | 79 | 59 | 73 | 110 | UNAIDS |
| GDP per capita (2013) | $7575 | $3602 | $13172 | $2230 | $1037 | World Bank |
Abbreviations: 100% NSP, at least 100% of the injections are covered by NSP; ART, antiretroviral therapy; DAA, direct active agent; F0-F4, fibrosis stages 0 to 4; GDP, gross domestic product; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; NSP, needle-syringe programs; OST, opioid substitution therapy; PWID, people who inject drugs; RR, relative risk.
aAll country-specific data were collected and validated by UNAIDS partners in each country.
bWhen data were missing or incomplete, we estimated total costs on the basis of data collected by other countries according to respective GDP per capita.