Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Variables | All participants (n = 1,300) | Physical activity index category | P for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0~5 (n = 99) | 6~10 (n = 661) | 11~15 (n = 482) | 16~ (n = 58) | |||
| Age, years | 63 (57, 69) | 72 (66, 77) | 63 (57, 69) | 61 (55, 67) | 63.5 (58, 67) | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 943 (73) | 63 (64) | 532 (80) | 317 (66) | 31 (53) | <0.001 |
| Education, years | 12 (10, 15) | 9 (7, 12) | 12 (10, 14) | 13 (12, 16) | 14 (12, 16) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30.6 (27.0, 35.1) | 31.8 (27.0, 36.2) | 31.3 (27.3, 36.0) | 29.4 (26.5, 34.0) | 29.9 (27.5, 33.0) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1,015 (78) | 86 (87) | 531 (80) | 360 (74) | 42 (72) | <0.01 |
| CHD, n (%) | 62 (5) | 11 (11) | 36 (5.4) | 14 (2.9) | 1 (1.7) | <0.01 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 365 (28) | 45 (44) | 201 (30) | 102 (21) | 14 (24) | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin, µU/ml | 6.7 (3.9, 11.6) | 8.1 (4.7, 14.6) | 6.7 (3.9, 11.6) | 6.6 (3.7, 11.1) | 5.6 (3.9, 11.6) | 0.03 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 109 (99, 128) | 118 (103, 139) | 110 (100, 129) | 109 (98, 123) | 108 (102, 121) | 0.01 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.9 (1.1, 3.6) | 2.5 (1.2, 4.7) | 1.9 (1.1, 3.7) | 1.8 (1.0, 3.3) | 1.5 (1.0, 3.3) | <0.01 |
| Hs-CRP, mg/l | 3.4 (1.7, 7.1) | 4.5 (2.0, 10.2) | 3.8 (1.9, 7.9) | 2.9 (1.3, 6.0) | 2.7 (1.5, 6.0) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 120 (96, 147) | 135 (97, 156) | 117 (96, 146) | 121 (97, 146) | 137 (110, 162) | 0.51 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 172 (13) | 15 (15) | 85 (13) | 67 (14) | 5 (9) | 0.65 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 136 (124, 151) | 140 (127, 157) | 137 (124, 152) | 134 (123, 146) | 137 (125, 149) | <0.01 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 79 (72, 85) | 77 (72, 82) | 79 (73, 85) | 79 (73, 86) | 81 (72, 86) | 0.03 |
| Estimated GFR, ml/min | 92 (84, 99) | 83 (62, 91) | 92 (84, 98) | 94 (87, 101) | 93 (85, 100) | <0.001 |
| PA index | 10 (8, 12) | 4 (2, 4) | 9 (8, 9) | 12 (11, 13) | 18 (17, 20) | <0.001 |
| Total PA, hours | 9 (8, 10) | 4 (2, 4) | 9 (8, 9) | 10 (10, 11) | 13 (12, 13) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CHD, coronary heart disease; DWS, diastolic wall strain; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; Hs-CRP, high-sensitivity c-reactive protein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PA, physical activity.