Table 1.
Total study population demographics and population demographics by tertile of PWV
| Total (n = 2933) | PWV (<7.9, n = 968) | PWV (7.9–10.3, n = 997) | PWV (>10.3, n = 968) | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 58.09 (SD: 10.93) | 52.70 (11.92) | 58.89 (9.86) | 62.67 (8.34) | <0.0001 |
| Female (%) | 1272 (43.37%) | 463 (47.83%) | 422 (42.33%) | 387 (39.98%) | 0.0016 |
| Race | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1290 (43.98%) | 507 (52.38%) | 418 (41.93%) | 365 (37.71%) | <0.0001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1156 (39.41%) | 304 (31.40%) | 409 (41.02%) | 443 (45.76%) | <0.0001 |
| Hispanic | 367 (12.51%) | 113 (11.67%) | 127 (12.74%) | 127 (13.12%) | <0.0001 |
| Other | 120 (4.09%) | 44 (4.55%) | 43 (4.31%) | 33 (3.41%) | <0.0001 |
| Education | |||||
| Less than high school | 534 (18.21%) | 126 (13.03%) | 181 (18.15%) | 227 (23.45%) | <0.0001 |
| High school graduate | 523 (17.84%) | 142 (14.68%) | 167 (16.75%) | 214 (22.11%) | <0.0001 |
| Some college | 864 (29.47%) | 273 (28.23%) | 319 (32.00%) | 272 (28.10%) | <0.0001 |
| College grad or higher | 1,011 (34.48%) | 426 (44.05%) | 330 (33.10%) | 255 (26.34%) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 2,469 (84.18%) | 701 (72.42%) | 871 (87.36%) | 897 (92.67%) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes | 1,329 (45.31%) | 246 (25.41%) | 432 (43.33%) | 651 (67.25%) | <0.0001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 2,381 (81.18%) | 713 (73.66%) | 819 (82.15%) | 848 (87.60%) | <0.0001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 873 (29.76%) | 183 (18.90%) | 297 (29.79%) | 393 (40.60%) | <0.0001 |
| CHF | 209 (7.13%) | 45 (4.65%) | 71 (7.12%) | 93 (9.61%) | 0.0001 |
| Current smoker | 331 (11.29%) | 90 (9.30%) | 116 (11.63%) | 125 (12.91%) | 0.0387 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.35 (SD: 6.80) | 31.23 (7.18) | 31.15 (6.59) | 31.67 (6.61) | 0.189 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 104.52 (SD: 16.43) | 103.08 (16.91) | 104.19 (16.52) | 106.30 (15.68) | <0.0001 |
| Exercise tolerance (Mets) | 26.49 (SD: 45.42) | 31.13 (46.74) | 26.84 (47.76) | 21.47 (40.90) | <0.0001 |
| Mean arterial pressure | 88.80 (SD: 13.61) | 86.22 (12.04) | 88.58 (13.08) | 91.63 (15.04) | <0.0001 |
| PWV | 9.55 (SD: 3.01) | 6.66 (0.90) | 9.05 (0.70) | 12.95 (2.47) | — |
| PPA | 1.29 (SD: 0.22) | 1.32 (0.23) | 1.29 (0.22) | 1.27 (0.21) | <0.0001 |
| AI | 27.05 (SD: 12.43) | 24.67 (13.25) | 27.82 (12.50) | 28.65 (11.11) | <0.0001 |
| CPP | 45.97 (SD: 19.11) | 37.51 (16.10) | 44.84 (17.39) | 55.53 (19.27) | <0.0001 |
| Alpha 2 agonist (%) | 235 (8.06%) | 63 (6.56%) | 74 (7.47%) | 98 (10.17%) | 0.0103 |
| Alpha blocker (%) | 401 (13.76%) | 85 (8.84%) | 145 (14.65%) | 171 (17.74%) | <0.0001 |
| Beta blocker (%) | 1,357 (46.55%) | 356 (37.04%) | 476 (48.08%) | 525 (54.46%) | <0.0001 |
| CCB (%) | 1,149 (39.42%) | 285 (29.66%) | 399 (40.30%) | 465 (48.24%) | <0.0001 |
| Aspirin (%) | 1,246 (42.74%) | 309 (32.15%) | 424 (42.83%) | 513 (53.22%) | <0.0001 |
| ACE/ARB (%) | 1,978 (67.86%) | 581 (60.46%) | 687 (69.39%) | 710 (73.65%) | <0.0001 |
| Statin (%) | 1,581 (54.24%) | 411 (42.77%) | 522 (52.73%) | 648 (67.22%) | <0.0001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 12.70 (SD: 1.75) | 13.04 (1.71) | 12.76 (1.73) | 12.31 (1.72) | <0.0001 |
| Serum albumin (g/dl) | 3.97 (SD: 0.46) | 4.02 (0.44) | 3.98 (0.48) | 3.91 (0.45) | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides | 153.6 (SD: 111.19) | 149.02 (102.47) | 156.28 (128.62) | 155.30 (99.46) | 0.2941 |
| Total cholesterol | 183.64 (SD: 43.45) | 187.05 (42.07) | 183.77 (44.29) | 180.16 (43.71) | 0.0022 |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 103.12 (SD: 34.53) | 107.00 (35.82) | 102.30 (33.55) | 100.18 (33.93) | <0.0001 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 47.84 (SD: 15.54) | 48.64 (15.07) | 48.42 (16.38) | 46.47 (15.02) | 0.0032 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.71 (SD: 0.57) | 1.61 (0.60) | 1.70 (0.54) | 1.81 (0.56) | <0.0001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 43.89 (SD: 13.58) | 47.13 (14.68) | 43.91 (13.15) | 40.65 (12.03) | <0.0001 |
| Calibrated cystatin C | 1.45 (SD: 0.52) | 1.34 (0.52) | 1.44 (0.49) | 1.58 (0.53) | <0.0001 |
| Urine protein g/24h | 0.94 (SD: 2.00) | 0.74 (1.54) | 0.92 (2.12) | 1.16 (2.24) | <0.0001 |
| Plasma insulin (uU/ml) | 21.53 (SD: 21.48) | 18.78 (15.36) | 21.12 (21.50) | 24.72 (25.90) | <0.0001 |
| TPH (umol/l) | 14.71 (SD: 5.90) | 13.70 (5.66) | 14.69 (5.99) | 15.77 (5.85) | <0.0001 |
Abbreviations: AI, augmentation index; ACE/ARB, ACE inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CPP, central pulse pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Exercise tol, all intention exercise tolerance (METS); HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PPA, pulse pressure amplification; PWV, pulse wave velocity; TPH, total plasma homocysteine; Uprotein, urine protein.
a
P values pertain to PWV tertiles.