Table 1.
Differences on parenting, executive function and school readiness between families with optimal and suboptimal bedtime routines
| Optimal Bedtime Routines (M, SD) | Sub-optimal Bedtime Routines (M, SD) | df | Sig. (2-tailed) | Mean Difference (95% C.I.) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parenting | Authoritative Parenting | 3.4 (0.68) |
2.3 (0.72) | 48 | .001a | −1.313 (−1.721, −.904) |
| Authoritarian Parenting | 1.5 (2.50) |
2.5 (0.57) | 48 | .001a | 1.040 (.719, 1.362) |
|
| Permissive Parenting | 1.9 (0.54) |
3.3 (0.97) | 48 | .003b | 1.392 (.9000, 1.882) |
|
| Executive Function / Adults | Inhibition-Attention Adults | 102.7 (7.00) | 83.7 (4.90) | 48 | .001a | −18.983 (−22.615,-15.351) |
| Working Memory Adults | 100.1 (6.13) | 80.4 (7.05) | 48 | .001a | −19.650 (−23.431, − 15.868) |
|
| Cognitive Flexibility Adults | 105.3 (5.59) | 84.3 (4.96) | 48 | .001a | −21.017 (−24.123, −17.910) |
|
| BRIEF-Adults (Global Executive Composite)c | 45.3 (3.59) |
53.1 (2.51) | 48 | .007a | 7.800 (5.938, 9.662) |
|
| School Readiness | 106.1 (8.00) | 81.2 (5.40) | 48 | .001a | −24.900 (−29.020, −20.780) |
|
| Executive Function / Children | Inhibition-Attention Children | 103.2 (5.59) | 84.3 (7.29) | 48 | .001a | −18.850 (−22.753, −14.946) |
| Working Memory Children | 100.3 (6.25) | 83.0 (7.29) | 44 | .001a | −17.310 (−21.406, − 13.213) |
|
| Cognitive Flexibility Children | 105.1 (5.74) | 84.1 (5.25) | 48 | .001a | −21.066 (−24.289, −17.843) |
|
| BRIEF-Preschool Children (Global Executive Composite)c | 42.7 (2.88) |
48.3 (2.61) | 48 | .005a | 5.566 (3.950, 7.182) |
|
a Equal variances assumed
b Equal variances not assumed
c Lower scores indicate better executive function