Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, genetic and biomarker data of the study population
| Controls (n = 66) | AD-dementia(n = 168) | MCI total(n = 197) | MCI-St(n = 74) | MCI-AD(n = 70) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (M/F) | 27/39 | 56/112 | 68/127 | 25/49 | 26/44 |
| Age (years) | 58.8 ± 11.9 | 68.1 ± 8.8*** | 67.1 ± 9.4*** | 65.2 ± 9.3* | 71.0 ± 8.0***,§§ |
| Age onset (years) | 64.6 ± 8.7 | 64.2 ± 9.3 | 60.5 ± 9.4 | 68.8 ± 7.7γ,§§§ | |
| Education (years) | 5.5 ± 4.0 | 6.0 ± 3.8 | 5.7 ± 3.6 | 5.8 ± 3.9 | |
| MMSE | 28.4±1.8 | 17.2 ± 5.9*** | 25.9 ± 4.0***,γγγ | 26.5 ± 4.9***,γγγ | 25.1 ± 3.3***,γγγ,§ |
| MoCA | 10.5 ± 5.1 | 17.7 ± 5.6γγγ | 19.9 ± 4.9γγγ | 15.5 ± 5.3γγ,§§§ | |
| ADAS-Cog | 26.0 ± 12.3 | 11.8 ± 6.1γγγ | 9.0 ± 4.3γγγ | 14.7 ± 6.3γγγ,§§§ | |
| APOE-ε4 (%) | 46% | 42% | 28% | 60%§§§ | |
| Aβ42 (pg/ml) | 928 ± 435 | 455 ± 225*** | 689 ± 322***,γγγ | 785 ± 309*,γγγ | 476 ± 180***,§§§ |
| Aβ40 (pg/ml) | 10,055 ± 4314 | 9229 ± 3668 | 11,097 ± 4635γγγ | 10,916 ± 4379γγ | 10,157 ± 3381 |
| Aβ42/40 ratio | 0.100 ± 0.034 | 0.055 ± 0.029*** | 0.070 ± 0.039***,γγγ | 0.083 ± 0.046*,γγγ | 0.050 ± 0.020***,§§§ |
| t-Tau (pg/ml) | 196 ± 95 | 543 ± 363*** | 374 ± 269***,γγγ | 253 ± 151γγγ | 511 ± 307***,§§§ |
| p-Tau (pg/ml) | 33 ± 15 | 64 ± 37*** | 50 ± 28**,γγγ | 38 ± 19γγγ | 62 ± 30***,§§§ |
| t-Tau/Aβ42 | 0.22 ± 0.11 | 1.53 ± 1.36*** | 0.74 ± 0.73***,γγγ | 0.41 ± 0.39γγγ | 1.18 ± 0.85***,§§§ |
| Aβ42/p-Tau | 32.0 ± 15.3 | 9.3 ± 8.2*** | 18.6 ± 14.2***,γγγ | 25.7 ± 16.3γγγ | 9.7 ± 6.6***,§§§ |
Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation, except for APOE expressed as percentage of ε4 carriers
MMSE and MoCA, higher scores correspond to better performance; ADAS-Cog, lower scores correspond to better performance. For MMSE and CSF biomarkers, data were adjusted for age
AD Alzheimer’s disease, MCI mild cognitive impairment, MCI-St stable mild cognitive impairment, MCI-AD mild cognitive impairment patients who progress to Alzheimer’s disease, M male, F female, MMSE Mini Mental State Examination, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, ADAS-Cog Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale—Cognitive, APOE Apolipoprotein E, Aβ42 42-aminoacid isoform of amyloid beta, Aβ40 40-aminoacid isoform of amyloid beta, t-Tau total Tau protein, p-Tau hyperphosphorylated Tau protein
*p < 0.05 vs controls
**p < 0.01 vs controls
***p < 0.001 vs controls
γp < 0.05 vs AD-dementia
γγp < 0.01 vs AD-dementia
γγγp < 0.001 vs AD-dementia
§p < 0.05 vs MCI-St
§§p < 0.01 vs MCI-St
§§§p < 0.001 vs MCI-St