Table 1.
Participant characteristics by study group.
| Abstinence & Training Reinforcement (n = 43) |
Training Reinforcement (n = 42) |
No Reinforcement (n = 39) |
p value (Fisher’s Exact Test) |
p value (F test) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 42.0 (8.5) | 45.2 (8.0) | 43.0 (7.6) | 0.19 | |
|
| |||||
| Gender, % Male | 79.1 | 81.0 | 82.1 | 0.96 | |
|
| |||||
| Race, % | 0.06 | ||||
|
| |||||
| White | 62.8 | 42.9 | 43.6 | ||
|
| |||||
| Black | 37.2 | 50.0 | 56.4 | ||
|
| |||||
| Other | 0 | 7.1 | 0 | ||
|
| |||||
| Married, % | 0 | 0 | 2.6 | 0.31 | |
|
| |||||
| High School Diploma or GED, % | 65.1 | 59.5 | 61.5 | 0.87 | |
|
| |||||
| Usually unemployed past 3 years prior to intake, % | 93.0 | 97.6 | 92.3 | 0.85 | |
|
| |||||
| DSM IV Diagnosis, % | |||||
|
| |||||
| Alcohol dependence | 100 | 100 | 100 | - | |
|
| |||||
| Cocaine dependence | 34.9 | 33.3 | 35.9 | 0.97 | |
|
| |||||
| Opioid dependence | 20.9 | 11.9 | 28.2 | 0.19 | |
|
| |||||
| WRAT3 | |||||
|
| |||||
| Grade level reading, mean (SD) | 8.7 (4.0) | 8.7 (3.9) | 8.4 (4.2) | 0.92 | |
|
| |||||
| Grade levels spelling, mean (SD) | 6.8 (3.8) | 6.8 (3.7) | 7.3 (4.0) | 0.80 | |
Note. Adapted from Koffarnus et al., 2011.