Multiple Sclerosis |
Progressive demyelination of central nervous system, axon damage, alterations in both innate and adaptive immunity, neuroinflammation |
Abundant expression in brain lesions and cells involved in neuroinflammation, superAg activity, potent stimulation of TLR4 and massive production of proinflammatory cytokines responsible for astrocyte and oligodendrocyte damage/death and MS-like disease in mouse models |
Perron et al., 2001, 2013; Antony et al., 2004; Rolland et al., 2005, 2006; Mameli et al., 2007b; Saresella et al., 2009; Madeira et al., 2016
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TLR4-mediated induction of nitric oxide synthase, formation of nitrotyrosine groups blocking oligodendrocyte differentiation and affecting myelin expression |
Kremer et al., 2013
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Onset of specific humoral response, potential molecular mimicry with myelin protein and Ab cross-reactivity |
Brudek et al., 2009; Do Olival et al., 2013; Mameli et al., 2015; Ramasamy et al., 2017
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CIDP |
Demyelination of peripheral nervous system roots, chronic inflammation |
Stimulation of Schwann cells IL-6 and CXCL10 chemokine production, cell-cell fusion, increased cell proliferation, transformation, migration and invasion |
Faucard et al., 2016
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type 1 diabetes |
Immune reactions against pancreatic β cells, deficiency in insulin production |
Inhibition of insulin secretion by Langerhans islets β cells, stimulation of pancreatic immune-cell infiltrates |
Levet et al., 2017
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