Table 2.
Adjusted Cross-temporal Relationships of Body Mass Index at Each Visit with Visit 5 Gait Speed
| Gait Speed (cm/s) at Visit 5 (2011–2013) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI (kg/m2) | N (%) [Range] | Visit 5 Gait Speed | Difference (95% CI), p Value | Slope Within BMI Group (β per 5 kg/m2 BMI) | |
| Category Across Visits | Mean (SE) | ||||
| Visit 1 BMI (1987–1989) | Normal (<25) | n = 5,187 (33%) [14.2–24.9] | 94.3 (0.6) | Reference | −5.4 (−8.0, −2.8), p < .001 |
| Overweight (25–30) | n = 6,172 (39%) [25.0–29.9] | 89.6 (0.5) | −4.7 (−6.1, −3.3), p < .001 | −4.6 (−6.7, −2.5), p < .001 | |
| Obese (>30) | n = 4,336 (28%) [30.0–65.9] | 82.1 (0.7) | −12.2 (−14.1, −10.4), p < .001 | −6.9 (−8.5, −5.2), p < .001 | |
| Visit 2 BMI (1990–1992) | Normal (<25) | n = 4,441 (31%) [13.7–24.9] | 94.7 (0.6) | Reference | −4.3 (−7.0, −1.7), p = .001 |
| Overweight (25–30) | n = 5,674 (40%) [25.0–29.9] | 89.8 (0.5) | −4.9 (−6.3, −3.5), p < .001 | −4.8 (−6.8, −2.8), p < .001 | |
| Obese (>30) | n = 4,139 (29%) [30.0–67.3] | 83.3 (0.7) | −11.5 (−13.2, −9.7), p < .001 | −6.4 (−7.7, −5.1), p < .001 | |
| Visit 3 BMI (1993–1995) | Normal (<25) | n = 3,520 (27%) [13.3–24.9] | 95.3 (0.6) | Reference | −4.1 (−6.9, −1.3), p = .004 |
| Overweight (25–30) | n = 5,038 (39%) [25.0–29.9] | 91.3 (0.5) | −4.0 (−5.4, −2.6), p < .001 | −5.4 (−7.3, −3.4), p < .001 | |
| Obese (>30) | n = 4,249 (33%) [30.0–62.0] | 83.3 (0.6) | −12.0 (−13.6, −10.4), p < .001 | −5.7 (−7.0, −4.5), p < .001 | |
| Visit 4 BMI (1996–1998) | Normal (<25) | n = 2,930 (25%) [13.5–24.9] | 95.7 (0.6) | Reference | −3.3 (−6. 3, −0.3), p = .031 |
| Overweight (25–30) | n = 4,572 (40%) [25.0–29.9] | 91.6 (0.5) | −4.0 (−5.5, −2.5), p < .001 | −4.8 (−6.7, −2.9), p < .001 | |
| Obese (>30) | n = 4,063 (35%) [30.0–59.2] | 85.1 (0.5) | −10.6 (−12.2, −9.0), p < .001 | −5.6 (−6.7, −4.4), p < .001 | |
| Visit 5 BMI (2011–2013) | Normal (<25) | n = 1,621 (26%) [13.4–24.9] | 98.0 (0.6) | Reference | 0.7 (−1.6, 3.0), p = .543 |
| Overweight (25–30) | n = 2,449 (39%) [25.0–29.9] | 95.3 (0.4) | −2.7 (−4.0, −1.4), p < .001 | −5.1 (−6.7, −3.5), p < .001 | |
| Obese (>30) | n = 2,159 (35%) [30.0–76.1] | 88.2 (0.5) | −9.8 (−11.2, −8.3), p < .001 | −5.7 (−6.6, −4.9), p < .001 | |
Note: BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; SE = standard error. All models were adjusted for age, sex, site-race, education, diabetes, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use, smoking, drinking status, and coronary heart disease.