Table 1.
Characteristics of Older Veterans With and Without Traumatic Brain Injury
| Characteristics, Mean (SD) or % | No-TBI (n = 85) | TBI (n = 78) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age (y) | 79.4 (8.2) | 76.4 (10.0) | .04 |
| Male | 82.4 | 94.9 | .03 |
| White | 83.5 | 94.9 | .08 |
| Education (y) | 14.5 (2.6) | 14.2 (2.6) | .38 |
| Military, boxing, and football exposure | |||
| Years in military | 11.1 (9.0) | 10.9 (9.2) | .92 |
| Deployed | 77.7 | 74.4 | .62 |
| Any military blast-related injury | 1.2 | 13.0 | <.01 |
| Ever boxed | 11.1 | 25.0 | .02 |
| Ever played American football | 35.8 | 45.3 | .23 |
| Baseline comorbidities | |||
| Diabetes | 21.2 | 37.2 | .02 |
| Hypertension | 75.3 | 68.0 | .30 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 65.9 | 62.8 | .68 |
| Depression | 18.8 | 42.3 | <.01 |
| Anxiety | 14.1 | 25.6 | .06 |
| PTSD | 8.2 | 18.0 | .06 |
| Prior alcohol/drug abuse | 17.7 | 38.5 | <.01 |
| Ever tobacco smoker | 63.5 | 66.7 | .68 |
| Global function, cognition, and physical activity | |||
| CDR sum of boxes | 0.5 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.9) | .86 |
| MMSE | 28.2 (1.5) | 27.6 (2.5) | .04 |
| Rapa1 | 3.5 (1.3) | 3.5 (1.5) | .89 |
| Rapa2 | 1.3 (1.4) | 1.2 (1.4) | .82 |
| TBI characteristics | |||
| >1 TBI | NA | 57.7 | NA |
| Number of TBIs | NA | 2.0 (1.2) | NA |
| % TBI with LOC | NA | 76.9 | NA |
| % Mild TBI | NA | 65.4 | NA |
| Years since first TBI | NA | 53.2 (18.1) | NA |
| Years since last TBI | NA | 37.0 (22.5) | NA |
| % Military-related TBI | NA | 25.6 | NA |
| % TBI due to a fall | NA | 42.3 | NA |
Note: CDR = Clinical Dementia Rating Scale; LOC = loss of consciousness; MMSE = Mini-Mental Status Examination; Rapa1 = Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity 1; Rapa2 = Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity 2; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder.