Table 3.
Adjusted Baseline Cognitive Domain z-Scores and Rates of Change in Cognitive Domain z-Scores by Diabetes Status, Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study, 2000–2009
| Domain, Mean of Test z-Scores | Baseline Function, No Diabetes, β (95% CI) | Baseline Function, Diabetes, β (95% CI) | Difference in Baseline Function, β (95% CI) | p a,c | 7-Year Rate of Change, No Diabetes, β (95% CI) | 7-Year Rate of Change, Diabetes, β (95% CI) | Difference in 7-Year Rate of Change, β (95% CI) | p b,c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Memory | 0.27 (0.20, 0.35) | 0.18 (0.04, 0.32) | −0.09 (−0.2, 0.03) | .13 | −0.41 (−0.46, −0.37) | −0.44 (−0.59, −0.29) | −0.03 (−0.2, 0.1) | .71 |
| Visuo-spatial Construction | 0.17 (0.09, 0.24) | 0.02 (−0.12, 0.16) | −0.15 (−0.3, −0.02) | .02 | −0.85 (−0.90, −0.79) | −0.81 (−0.97, −0.64) | 0.04 (−0.1, 0.2) | .68 |
| Language | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.05) | −0.13 (−0.25, −0.01) | −0.1 (−0.2, −0.01) | .03 | −0.19 (−0.23, −0.16) | −0.22 (−0.33, −0.11) | −0.03 (−0.1, 0.09) | .64 |
| Psychomotor Speed/ Attention | 0.09 (0.02, 0.16) | −0.06 (−0.19, 0.07) | −0.15 (−0.3, −0.04) | .01 | −0.30 (−0.34, −0.26) | −0.45 (−0.58, −0.32) | −0.15 (−0.3, −0.02) | .03 |
| Executive Function | 0.60 (0.53, 0.68) | 0.41 (0.27, 0.54) | −0.20 (−0.3, −0.09) | .001 | −0.41 (−0.44, −0.37) | −0.47 (−0.59, −0.36) | −0.07 (−0.2, 0.05) | .27 |
| Global Cognition | 0.14 (0.06, 0.21) | −0.08 (−0.21, 0.06) | −0.21 (−0.3, −0.1) | <.001 | −0.64 (−0.68, −0.61) | −0.68 (−0.81, −0.55) | −0.04 (−0.2, 0.1) | .59 |
Note: Models are adjusted for age, sex, years of education, race, baseline smoking status, depressed mood, history of stroke, history of hypertension, history of myocardial infarction, TMT, part A (executive function domain only), and GEMS treatment group. Bold values indicate Bonferroni adjusted p-value for test of significance = .0083. aMain effect of diabetes: difference in baseline function between diabetic and nondiabetic groups. bInteraction of time and diabetes status: difference in 7-year rate of change between diabetic and nondiabetic groups. cTo account for multiple comparisons, a Bonferroni adjusted p-value for test of significance = .0083.