Table 2.
Prevalence of Disease, Health Events, Depression, and Disability by Frailty Status Among 5,301 Adults Aged ≥60 Years From the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, 2011; Weighted Estimates
| Total prevalence for each condition (%) | Prevalence in each frailty status (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Robust | Prefrail | Frail | ||
| n = 2,332 | n = 2,722 | n = 347 | ||
| Self-reported diseases | ||||
| Hypertension | 32.1 | 32.4 | 31.7 | 33.3 |
| Diabetes | 7.2 | 6.5 | 7.4 | 10.0 |
| Cancer | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 1.0 |
| Cardiac diseasea* | 16.3 | 14.5 | 17.3 | 20.5 |
| Stroke** | 3.1 | 2.2 | 3.4 | 6.3 |
| Lung disease*** | 14.1 | 9.9 | 16.7 | 19.9 |
| Liver disease* | 4.5 | 3.3 | 5.7 | 2.9 |
| Kidney disease* | 6.0 | 5.0 | 6.6 | 7.8 |
| Stomach disease* | 21.7 | 19.3 | 23.1 | 25.9 |
| Arthritis | 37.2 | 35.3 | 37.9 | 43.1 |
| Having ≥2 diseases*** | 45.1 | 40.8 | 47.3 | 54.3 |
| Falls in previous year*** | 19.1 | 15.6 | 21.0 | 25.9 |
| Depressionb*** | 20.9 | 12.1 | 25.4 | 41.2 |
| ADL disabilityc*** | 18.8 | 9.5 | 22.5 | 46.5 |
| IADL disabilityd*** | 26.1 | 15.1 | 30.1 | 63.2 |
| Lower extremity functional limitatione*** | 59.3 | 46.9 | 65.7 | 86.0 |
| Upper extremity functional limitationf*** | 23.2 | 11.8 | 27.4 | 60.2 |
Note: ADL = activity of daily living; IADL = instrumental activity of daily living.
aIncluding myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, angina, congestive heart failure, or other heart problems.
bAssessed by the modified Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale excluding two items for identifying exhaustion. A total score of ≥12 was considered depressed.
cIncluding dressing, bathing, eating, getting out of bed, and toileting.
dIncluding preparing hot meals, doing household chores, shopping, managing assets, and taking medications.
eHaving difficulty in getting up from a chair after sitting for long periods, climbing several flights of stairs without resting, or stooping, kneeling or crouching.
fHaving difficulty in reaching or extending arms above shoulder level, lifting or carrying weights over 5 kg, or picking up a small coin from a table.
***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05 for comparing prevalence of disease, fall, disability, and functional limitation across robust, prefrail, and frail individuals.