Table 1.
Cross-Sectional Associations of Population Characteristics With Anosmia
| Characteristics | White | Black | All |
|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Sex | |||
| Women | ref | ref | ref |
| Men | 1.56 (1.29–1.88) | 1.72 (1.35–2.20) | 1.52 (1.32–1.76) |
| Age | |||
| 65–69 | 0.91 (0.60–1.38) | 0.60 (0.35–1.02) | 0.79 (0.57–1.09) |
| 70–74 | ref | ref | ref |
| 75–79 | 1.26 (1.01–1.58) | 1.54 (1.18–2.00) | 1.28 (1.09–1.52) |
| 80–84 | 1.78 (1.39–2.28) | 2.01 (1.44–2.79) | 1.66 (1.37–2.01) |
| ≥ 85 | 2.15 (1.50–3.06) | 2.92 (1.69–5.03) | 1.99 (1.50–2.66) |
| Study | |||
| Health ABC | ref | ref | ref |
| ARIC | 0.84 (0.67–1.06) | 1.51 (1.16–1.97) | 0.99 (0.83–1.17) |
| Education | |||
| Below high school | ref | ref | ref |
| High school | 1.23 (0.91–1.66) | 1.13 (0.85–1.52) | 1.06 (0.86–1.29) |
| Post high school | 1.45 (1.05–1.98) | 1.12 (0.82–1.53) | 1.29 (1.04–1.59) |
| Self-reported poor sense of smell | |||
| No | ref | ref | ref |
| Yes | 3.51 (2.91–4.23) | 2.65 (2.01–3.49) | 3.10 (2.66–3.62) |
| Runny nose in the past 1–2 weeks | |||
| No | ref | ref | ref |
| Yes | 0.95 (0.79–1.15) | 0.96 (0.75–1.22) | 0.95 (0.82–1.10) |
| ApoE ε4 carrier | |||
| No | ref | ref | ref |
| Yes | 1.38 (1.13–1.68) | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) | 1.24 (1.07–1.44) |
| Cognitive test z-score | 0.53 (0.47–0.60) | 0.48 (0.43–0.55) | 0.46 (0.42–0.49) |
| Depressive symptoms | |||
| No | ref | ref | ref |
| Yes | 0.83 (0.60–1.15) | 0.82 (0.60–1.14) | 0.82 (0.65–1.03) |
| Daytime sleepiness | |||
| No | ref | ref | ref |
| Yes | 1.32 (0.94–1.83) | 1.66 (1.06–2.59) | 1.34 (1.03–1.74) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never | ref | ref | ref |
| Past | 1.00 (0.82–1.23) | 0.81 (0.62–1.06) | 0.94 (0.80–1.10) |
| Current | 0.78 (0.51–1.20) | 0.72 (0.47–1.12) | 0.79 (0.58–1.06) |
| Alcohol drinking | |||
| Never | ref | ref | ref |
| Past | 1.21 (0.91–1.62) | 1.40 (1.06–1.85) | 1.21 (0.91–1.62) |
| Current | 1.13 (0.86–1.46) | 1.12 (0.81–1.55) | 1.13 (0.86–1.46) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||
| <25 | ref | ref | ref |
| 25–29.9 | 0.88 (0.71–1.09) | 0.86 (0.65–1.15) | 0.90 (0.76–1.06) |
| ≥30 | 0.89 (0.70–1.13) | 0.53 (0.39–0.72) | 0.76 (0.63–0.91) |
| General health status | |||
| Excellent/very good | ref | ref | ref |
| Good | 1.04 (0.86–1.27) | 1.03 (0.78–1.35) | 1.13 (0.97–1.32) |
| Fair/poor | 1.33 (0.98–1.79) | 0.99 (0.73–1.34) | 1.34 (1.09–1.64) |
| History of head injury | |||
| No | ref | ref | ref |
| Yes | 0.98 (0.76–1.26) | 0.86 (0.55–1.34) | 0.88 (0.71–1.10) |
| Parkinson’s disease | |||
| No | ref | ref | Ref |
| Yes | 3.30 (2.12–5.13) | 3.08 (1.08–8.81) | 2.90 (1.94–4.34) |
Note: ABC = Aging, and Body Composition; ARIC = Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained from logistic regression models that included all covariates listed above.