Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics for WHISCA Cohort and Associations With Positive and Negative Affect
| PA | NA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Cohorta | Estimate (SE) | p Value | Estimate (SE) | p Value | |
| Age (years) | 73.9 (0.08) | −0.14 (0.04) | <.001 | 0.03 (0.03) | .31 |
| Race, N (%) | .79 | .72 | |||
| Black | 115 (5.4%) | 0.55 (0.59) | −0.46 (0.52) | ||
| White | 1,936 (91.1%) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Hispanic | 24 (1.1%) | −0.11 (1.27) | −0.38 (1.12) | ||
| Other | 50 (2.4%) | 0.39 (0.88) | −0.55 (0.78) | ||
| Education, N (%) | .007 | .12 | |||
| < 12 y | 102 (4.8%) | Reference | Reference | ||
| > 12 y | 2,019 (95.2%) | 1.69 (0.63) | −0.86 (0.55) | ||
| Marital Status, N (%) | .14 | <.001 | |||
| Never married | 66 (3.1%) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Divorced/Separated/Widowed | 898 (42.1%) | .27 (0.79) | −1.89 (0.69) | ||
| Married | 1,169 (54.8%) | 0.78 (0.78) | −1.12 (0.69) | ||
| Smoking Status, N (%) | .33 | .05 | |||
| Never smoked | 1,158 (54.8%) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Past smoker | 831 (39.3%) | 0.06 (0.28) | 0.41 (0.25) | ||
| Current smoker | 124 (5.9%) | −0.82 (0.58) | −0.71 (0.51) | ||
| Alcohol Status, N (%) | .01 | .48 | |||
| Nondrinker | 261 (12.3%) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Past drinker | 680 (31.9%) | −0.47 (0.45) | 0.40 (0.40) | ||
| Current drinker | 1,188 (55.8%) | 0.40 (0.42) | 0.13 (0.37) | ||
| Frequency of Exercise, N (%) | .006 | .05 | |||
| No activity | 358 (16.8%) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Some activity of limited duration | 957 (44.8%) | 0.65 (0.38) | −0.27 (0.34) | ||
| 2–3 episodes per week | 367 (17.2%) | 1.01 (.46) | −0.83 (0.40) | ||
| >4 episodes per week | 454 (21.2%) | 1.47 (0.44) | −0.86 (0.38) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.6 (0.1) | −0.01 (0.02) | .82 | 0.01 (0.02) | .66 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 131.2 (0.4) | 0 (0.01) | .74 | 0.01 (0.01) | .12 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 73.3 (0.2) | 0 (0.01) | .95 | 0 (0.01) | .78 |
| Current Antidepressant Use, N (%) | 140 (6.6%) | −0.38 (0.54) | .49 | 1.34 (0.48) | .005 |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 1,173 (54.9%) | −0.48 (0.27) | .07 | 0.05 (0.24) | .84 |
| CVD, Stroke, or TIA, N (%) | 382 (17.9%) | −0.56 (0.35) | .11 | 0.51 (0.31) | .10 |
| Diabetes, N (%) | 190 (8.9%) | −0.57 (0.47) | .22 | 0.46 (0.41) | .27 |
| High Cholesterol, N (%) | 373 (17.7%) | −0.61 (0.35) | .08 | 0.63 (0.31) | .04 |
| 3MS Score | 96.9 (0.1) | 0.01 (0.05) | .81 | −0.17 (0.04) | <.001 |
| GDS Total Score | 1.12 (0.03) | −1.75 (0.09) | <.001 | 1.67 (0.08) | <.001 |
| Treatment Arm, N (%) | .51 | .66 | |||
| Placebo | 1,087 (50.9%) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Hormone Therapy | 1,050 (49.1%) | −0.18 (0.27) | 0.10 (0.24) | ||
Note: Associations between the descriptive variables and PANAS positive and negative scales were assessed using simple linear regression, with parameter estimates and standard errors provided here. Reference groups for categorical variables are denoted. BMI = Body mass index; CVD = Cardiovascular disease; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; 3MS = Modified Mini-Mental State Examination; NA = Negative affect; PA = Positive affect; TIA = Transient ischemic attack; WHISCA = Women’s Health Initiative Study of Cognitive Aging.
a N = 2,137.