Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Cognitively Intact Participants at Baseline by Diabetes Status (n = 793)
| Characteristics | Diabetes-free | Prediabetes | Diabetes | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 680 | n = 68 | n = 45 | ||
| Age (y) | 63.0 ± 8.2 | 63.4 ± 8.5 | 67.4 ± 8.2a | .004 |
| Female sex | 410 (60.3) | 36 (52.9) | 24 (53.3) | .353 |
| Education | ||||
| Low (≤ 9 y) | 387 (59.1) | 40 (61.5) | 28 (62.2) | .862 |
| High (> 9 y) | 268 (40.9) | 25 (38.5) | 17 (37.8) | |
| Hypertension (yes) | 310 (45.6) | 38 (55.9) | 33 (73.3) | .001 |
| Heart disease (yes) | 79 (11.8) | 10 (15.2) | 9 (20.5) | .200 |
| Stroke (yes) | 7 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | .559 |
| Any APOE ε4 | 171 (30.5) | 12 (22.2) | 12 (38.7) | .256 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.4 ± 3.8 | 27.7 ± 4.6a | 26.5 ± 3.7 | <.001 |
| Underweight (<20.0) | 34 (5.0) | 1 (1.5) | 4 (8.9) | <.001 |
| Normal (20–25) | 315 (46.3) | 25 (36.8) | 6 (13.3) | |
| Overweight (25–30) | 253 (37.2) | 25 (36.8) | 30 (66.7) | |
| Obese (≥30) | 78 (11.5) | 17 (25.0) | 5 (11.1) | |
| Smoking | 313 (48.2) | 29 (42.7) | 18 (40.0) | .419 |
| Alcohol drinkers | 571 (84.0) | 56 (82.4) | 37 (82.2) | .905 |
| Physical exercise | 580 (88.8) | 55 (82.1) | 39 (86.7) | .256 |
| MMSE | 28.3 ± 1.4 | 28.2 ± 1.7 | 27.8 ± 1.6a | .022 |
| Cognitive performance | ||||
| Verbal abilities | 51.5 ± 9.8 | 52.2 ± 9.6 | 50.8 ± 11.1 | .772 |
| Spatial/fluid abilities | 52.0 ± 10.4 | 51.8 ± 10.9 | 49.4 ± 11.8 | .307 |
| Memory | 51.5 ± 9.9 | 48.9 ± 10.5 | 49.1 ± 8.4 | .048 |
| Perceptual speed | 51.9 ± 10.1 | 51.8 ± 9.1 | 48.0 ± 12.0a | .048 |
Notes: BMI = body mass index; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination. Data are presented as n (%) or mean ± SD. Data missing: 28 for education, 27 for MMSE, 15 for heart disease, 29 for stroke, 148 for APOE ε4, 30 for smoking, 28 for physical exercise, 50 for MMSE, 51 for verbal abilities, 62 for spatial/fluid abilities, 43 for memory, and 48 for perceptual speed.
aPairwise mean comparisons (diabetes-free vs prediabetes; diabetes-free vs diabetes; and prediabetes vs diabetes) adjusted with the Bonferroni correction: p value < .05 (the reference group was baseline diabetes-free participants).