. 2017 May 5;73(3):360–366. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glx069

Table 1.

Change in Overall Cognition: Within and Between Group Comparison Among Baseline Afternoon Napping Groups

Estimates	Overall cognition
Within group estimates	Mean^a	95% CI	p ^†
Non-nappers	0.19	0.04, 0.34	.012
Short nappers	0.29	−0.03, 0.62	.076
Moderate nappers	0.41	0.25, 0.58	<.001
Extended nappers	−0.22	−0.49, 0.06	.125
Between group estimates	β^b	95% CI	p ^¶
Overall associations^**			.002
Non vs. Short nappers	−0.10	−0.46, 0.26	.582
Non vs. Moderate nappers	−0.22	−0.44, 0.00	.054
Short vs. Moderate nappers	−0.12	−0.48, 0.24	.518
Non vs. Extended nappers	0.41	0.09, 0.73	.011
Short vs. Extended nappers	0.51	0.08, 0.94	.019
Moderate vs. Extended nappers	0.63	0.31, 0.95	<.001

Notes: Estimates are from the final parsimonious model adjusting for significant predictors (age, gender, education, BMI, depression, IADL, morbidity, and baseline cognition). Bold values represent p < .05.

^aModel estimated within group mean change.

^bEstimate of difference in change scores between indicated groups.

^† p-value testing whether within group mean change is different from 0 or within group odds ratio is different from 1; ^¶p-value testing whether there is a significant difference in changes between groups; ^**p-values for overall associations represent the probability of any significant differences in changes among the four baseline napping groups.