Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics and medications
| Creatinine clearance values (mL/min) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <30 | 30–49.9 | 50–79.9 | ≥80 | P for trend | |
| (n = 356) | (n = 1201) | (n = 2686) | (n = 1809) | ||
| Age, years | 79.8 ± 7.9 | 77.7 ± 6.4 | 70.7 ± 7.0 | 61.1 ± 9.1 | <0.001 |
| Female | 181 (50.8) | 481 (40.0) | 764 (28.4) | 320 (17.7) | <0.001 |
| Body weight, kg | 49.6 ± 10.6 | 54.2 ± 9.4 | 61.5 ± 9.3 | 71.5 ± 13.5 | <0.001 |
| Renal function | |||||
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 2.2 ± 1.9 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| CrCl, mL/min | 21.8 ± 6.6 | 41.3 ± 5.6 | 64.7 ± 8.3 | 100.8 ± 21.4 | <0.001 |
| Type of atrial fibrillation | |||||
| Paroxysmal | 117 (32.9) | 400 (33.3) | 1036 (38.6) | 729 (40.3) | <0.001 |
| Persistent | 40 (11.2) | 144 (12.0) | 375 (14.0) | 287 (15.9) | |
| Permanent | 199 (55.9) | 657 (54.7) | 1275 (47.4) | 793 (43.8) | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Coronary artery disease | 77 (21.6) | 180 (15.0) | 276 (10.3) | 143 (7.9) | <0.001 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 45 (12.6) | 100 (8.3) | 230 (8.6) | 172 (9.5) | 0.652 |
| HCM | 20 (5.6) | 46 (3.8) | 107 (4.0) | 58 (3.2) | 0.060 |
| DCM | 25 (7.0) | 54 (4.5) | 123 (4.6) | 114 (6.3) | 0.298 |
| COPD | 5 (1.4) | 43 (3.6) | 53 (2.0) | 15 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 7 (2.0) | 14 (1.2) | 36 (1.3) | 45 (2.5) | 0.029 |
| Risk factors for stroke | |||||
| Heart failure | 223 (62.6) | 482 (40.1) | 666 (24.8) | 163 (9.0) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 234 (65.7) | 785 (65.4) | 1650 (61.4) | 1020 (56.4) | <0.001 |
| Age (≥75 years) | 282 (79.2) | 866 (72.1) | 841 (31.3) | 98 (5.4) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 81 (22.8) | 242 (20.1) | 492 (18.3) | 64 (3.5) | 0.147 |
| Stroke/TIA | 65 (18.3) | 218 (18.2) | 385 (14.3) | 68 (3.8) | <0.001 |
| CHADS2 score | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.2 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 4.4 ± 1.4 | 3.9 ± 1.4 | 2.9 ± 1.6 | 3.0 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| HAS-BLED score | 2.2 ± 1.0 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 1.0 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, /min | 72.8 ± 12.8 | 72.9 ± 13.4 | 72.0 ± 13.0 | 74.3 ± 13.3 | 0.694 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 123.4 ± 19.5 | 125.3 ± 17.3 | 126.7 ± 15.9 | 125.4 ± 18.1 | 0.105 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 67.5 ± 12.3 | 70.8 ± 11.6 | 73.9 ± 19.2 | 68.2 ± 12.1 | <0.001 |
| Warfarin | 322 (90.4) | 1064 (88.6) | 2364 (88.0) | 1538 (85.0) | <0.001 |
| Dosage, mg/day | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| INR | 1.89 ± 0.52 | 1.92 ± 0.53 | 1.90 ± 0.47 | 1.90 ± 0.49 | 0.003 |
| TTRa, % | 61.7 ± 26.5 | 69.8 ± 24.8 | 61.9 ± 28.3 | 47.5 ± 29.5 | <0.001 |
| (n = 299) | (n = 997) | (n = 2251) | (n = 1449) | ||
| Antiplatelet | 123 (34.6) | 387 (32.2) | 700 (26.1) | 400 (22.1) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin | 100 (28.1) | 320 (26.6) | 609 (22.7) | 364 (20.1) | <0.001 |
| Others | 35 (9.8) | 106 (8.8) | 162 (6.0) | 58 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| Warfarin + antiplatelet | 99 (27.8) | 298 (24.8) | 500 (18.6) | 257 (14.2) | <0.001 |
Data are number of patients (%) or mean ± SD.
CrCl, creatinine clearance; HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHADS2, congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, and history of stroke or TIA; CHA2DS2-VASc, CHADS2 components plus vascular disease (coronary artery disease), age 65–74 years, and female sex; HAS-BLED, hypertension (systolic BP ≥140 mmHg), abnormal renal/liver function, stroke, bleeding history or predisposition, labile INR (episodes of INR ≥3.5), elderly (age >65 years), drugs (use of antiplatelets)/alcohol concomitantly; TIA, transient ischaemic attack; BP, blood pressure; INR, international normalized ratio of prothrombin time; TTR, time in therapeutic range.
aTarget INR was 2.0–3.0 (<70 years) or 1.6–2.6 (≥70 years).