Table 2.
Demographics, lifestyle and clinical information of Born in Bradford mothers who gave birth to children with or without a CA by ethnic group
| All | White British | Pakistani | Other | |||||
| No anomaly | Anomaly | No anomaly | Anomaly | No anomaly | Anomaly | No Anomaly | Anomaly | |
| Ethnic origin | 10 768 (94%) | 706 (6%) | 4288 (95%) | 245 (5%) | 4804 (93%) | 371 (7%) | 1653 (95%) | 90 (5%) |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 20–34 | 8716 (81%) | 544 (78%) | 3231 (75%) | 180 (73%) | 4099 (85%) | 312 (84%) | 1366 (83%) | 62 (69%) |
| <20 | 776 (7%) | 51 (7%) | 536 (13%) | 29 (12%) | 148 (3%) | 15 (4%) | 92 (6%) | 7 (8%) |
| >34 | 1276 (12%) | 101 (14%) | 521 (12%) | 36 (15%) | 557 (12%) | 44 (12%) | 195 (12%) | 21 (23%) |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Education | ||||||||
| <5 GCSE equivalents | 2304 (21%) | 172 (24%) | 856 (20%) | 52 (21%) | 1230 (26%) | 106 (29%) | 212 (13%) | 14 (16%) |
| ≥5 GCSE equivalents at grades A–C | 3281 (30%) | 229 (32%) | 1457 (34%) | 85 (35%) | 1488 (31%) | 124 (33%) | 332 (20%) | 20 (22%) |
| 2 Advanced level equivalents | 1561 (15%) | 96 (14%) | 731 (17%) | 37 (15%) | 604 (13%) | 49 (13%) | 224 (14%) | 10 (11%) |
| Diploma, degree or higher degrees | 2775 (26%) | 145 (21%) | 826 (19%) | 45 (18%) | 1265 (26%) | 70 (19%) | 677 (41%) | 30 (33%) |
| Other | 590 (5%) | 45 (6%) | 372 (9%) | 22 (9%) | 144 (3%) | 17 (5%) | 74 (4%) | 6 (7%) |
| Not known | 120 (1%) | 9 (1%) | 40 (1%) | 3 (1%) | 55 (1%) | 4 (1%) | 25 (2%) | 2 (2%) |
| Foreign unknown | 110 (1%) | 8 (1%) | 3 (<1%) | 0 | 6 (<1%) | 0 (<1%) | 101 (6%) | 8 (9%) |
| Missing | 27 (<1%) | 2 (<1%) | 3 (<1%) | 1 (<1%) | 12 (<1%) | 1 (<1%) | 0 | 0 |
| IMD 2010 score (fifths) | ||||||||
| 1 (most deprived) | 7124 (66%) | 491 (70%) | 2181 (51%) | 124 (51%) | 3812 (79%) | 299 (81%) | 1115 (67%) | 68 (76%) |
| 2 | 1949 (18%) | 116 (16%) | 925 (22%) | 54 (22%) | 688 (14%) | 49 (13%) | 332 (20%) | 13 (14%) |
| 3 | 1199 (11%) | 64 (9%) | 761 (18%) | 40 (16%) | 271 (6%) | 18 (5%) | 165 (10%) | 6 (7%) |
| 4 | 316 (3%) | 19 (3%) | 267 (6%) | 15 (6%) | 24 (<1%) | 2 (<1%) | 24 (1%) | 2 (2%) |
| 5 (least deprived) | 177 (2%) | 16 (2%) | 152 (4%) | 12 (5%) | 8 (<1%) | 3 (1%) | 17 (1%) | 1 (1%) |
| Missing | 3 (<1%) | 0 | 2 (<1%) | 0 | 1 (<1%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| No | 8963 (83%) | 604 (86%) | 2842 (66%) | 160 (65%) | 4624 (96%) | 365 (98%) | 1479 (89%) | 79 (88%) |
| Yes | 1785 (17%) | 101 (14%) | 1444 (34%) | 84 (34%) | 167 (3%) | 6 (2%) | 172 (10%) | 11 (12%) |
| Missing | 20 (<1%) | 1 (<1%) | 2 (<1%) | 1 (<1%) | 13 (<1%) | 0 | 2 (<1%) | 0 |
| Alcohol | ||||||||
| Yes | 3311 (31%) | 184 (26%) | 2878 (67%) | 164 (67%) | 16 (<1%) | 0 | 410 (25%) | 20 (22%) |
| No | 7426 (69%) | 518 (73%) | 1403 (33%) | 81 (33%) | 4773 (99%) | 369 (99%) | 1238 (75%) | 68 (76%) |
| Missing | 31 (<1%) | 4 (1%) | 7 (<1%) | 0 (<1%) | 15 (<1%) | 2 (<1%) | 5 (<1%) | 2 (2%) |
| Consanguinity * | ||||||||
| Non-consanguineous | 7850 (73%) | 424 (60%) | 4284 (99%) | 244 (99%) | 2008 (42%) | 102 (27%) | 1538 (93%) | 78 (87%) |
| First cousin | 1834 (17%) | 192 (27%) | 1 (<1%) | 1 (<1%) | 1753 (36%) | 183 (49%) | 79 (5%) | 8 (9%) |
| Second cousin | 637 (6%) | 55 (8%) | 0 | 1 (<1%) | 611 (13%) | 51 (14%) | 25 (2%) | 4 (4%) |
| Other blood | 447 (4%) | 35 (5%) | 3 (<1%) | 0 | 432 (9%) | 35 (9%) | 11 (1%) | 0 |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| BMI | ||||||||
| Normal | 4529 (42%) | 296 (42%) | 1738 (41%) | 87 (36%) | 2018 (42%) | 165 (44%) | 762 (46%) | 44 (49%) |
| Overweight | 2882 (27%) | 199 (28%) | 1141 (27%) | 65 (27%) | 1341 (28%) | 114 (31%) | 399 (24%) | 20 (22%) |
| Obese | 2126 (20%) | 122 (17%) | 992 (23%) | 54 (22%) | 856 (18%) | 51 (14%) | 273 (17%) | 17 (19%) |
| Underweight | 439 (4%) | 27 (4%) | 103 (2%) | 5 (2%) | 256 (5%) | 21 (6%) | 78 (5%) | 1 (1%) |
| Missing | 792 (7%) | 62 (9%) | 314 (7%) | 34 (14%) | 333 (7%) | 20 (5%) | 141 (9%) | 8 (9%) |
| OGTT | ||||||||
| Normal | 9850 (91%) | 637 (90%) | 4062 (95%) | 227 (93%) | 4261 (89%) | 328 (88%) | 1507 (91%) | 82 (91%) |
| Impaired fasting glucose | 33 (<1%) | 2 (<1%) | 6 (<1%) | 1 (<1%) | 18 (<1%) | 1 (<1%) | 8 (<1%) | 0 |
| Impaired glucose tolerance | 714 (7%) | 56 (8%) | 187 (4%) | 16 (7%) | 421 (9%) | 34 (9%) | 104 (6%) | 6 (7%) |
| Diabetes | 129 (1%) | 8 (1%) | 15 (<1%) | 1 (<1%) | 91 (2%) | 5 (1%) | 23 (1%) | 2 (2%) |
| Missing | 42 (<1%) | 3 (<1%) | 18 (<1%) | 0 | 13 (<1%) | 3 (1%) | 11 (<1%) | 0 |
*Coefficient of inbreeding values: F=0 for non-consanguineous; F=0.0625, 0.0156 and <0.0156 for first cousin, second cousin and other blood, respectively.35
BMI, body mass index; CA, congenital anomaly; GCSE, General Certificate of Secondary Education; IMD, Index of Multiple Deprivation 2010; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.