Table 3.
Univariate and multivariable RRs of CAs related to demographic, lifestyle and clinical risk factors in the Born in Bradford cohort by ethnic group
| Univariate analysis | Multivariable | |||||||||||||||
| All | White British | Pakistani | Other | All | White British | Pakistani | Other | |||||||||
| RR | P | RR | P | RR | P | RR | P | RR | P | RR | P | RR | P | RR | P | |
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |||||||||
| Ethnic origin | – | – | 1 | – | 1.33 (1.13 to 1.55) | <0.0001 | 0.96 (0.76 to 1.21) | 0.7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||||||
| 20–34 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | |
| <20 | 1.01 (0.76 to 1.34) | 0.41 | 0.95 (0.65 to 1.40) | 0.81 | 1.23 (0.74 to 2.05) | 0.43 | 1.63 (0.77 to 3.48) | 0.2 | 1.08 (0.81 to 1.44) | 0.6 | 0.93 (0.63 to 1.37) | 0.71 | 1.23 (0.73 to 2.05) | 0.44 | 1.46 (0.66 to 3.23) | 0.35 |
| >34 | 1.15 (0.95 to 1.39) | 0.16 | 1.04 (0.74 to 1.45) | 0.83 | 1.07 (0.82 to 1.41) | 0.61 | 1.99 (1.19 to 3.34) | 0.005 | 1.17 (0.96 to 1.43) | 0.12 | 1.01 (0.71 to 1.42) | 0.98 | 1.08 (0.82 to 1.44) | 0.58 | 2.19 (1.36 to 3.54) | 0.001 |
| Education | ||||||||||||||||
| <5 GCSE equivalents | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | ||
| ≥5 GCSE equivalents | 0.94 (0.78 to 1.14) | 0.52 | 0.96 (0.69 to 1.35) | 0.82 | 0.97 (0.76 to 1.24) | 0.81 | 0.92 (0.47 to 1.78) | 0.8 | 1.00 (0.82 to 1.21) | 0.97 | 0.97 (0.69 to 1.36) | 0.84 | 1.00 (0.77 to 1.28) | 0.98 | 1.05 (0.53 to 2.06) | 0.9 |
| Advanced level equivalents | 0.83 (0.65 to 1.06) | 0.14 | 0.84 (0.56 to 1.27) | 0.41 | 0.95 (0.68 to 1.31) | 0.74 | 0.69 (0.31 to 1.52) | 0.36 | 0.92 (0.71 to 1.18) | 0.49 | 0.81 (0.54 to 1.22) | 0.32 | 1.00 (0.71 to 1.41) | 0.99 | 0.81 (0.36 to 1.85) | 0.62 |
| Diploma, degree or higher degrees | 0.71 (0.58 to 0.89) | 0.002 | 0.90 (0.61 to 1.33) | 0.6 | 0.66 (0.49 to 0.89) | 0.01 | 0.68 (0.37 to 1.27) | 0.23 | 0.78 (0.62 to 0.98) | 0.03 | 0.86 (0.56 to 1.33) | 0.5 | 0.74 (0.54 to 1.00) | 0.05 | 0.80 (0.41 to 1.58) | 0.53 |
| Other | 1.02 (0.74 to 1.40) | 0.9 | 0.98 (0.60 to 1.58) | 0.92 | 1.33 (0.82 to 2.16) | 0.25 | 1.21 (0.48 to 3.04) | 0.68 | 1.17 (0.85 to 1.61) | 0.35 | 0.98 (0.60 to 1.60) | 0.94 | 1.36 (0.83 to 2.22) | 0.22 | 1.33 (0.53 to 3.30) | 0.54 |
| Do not know | 1.00 (0.53 to 1.92) | 0.99 | 1.22 (0.40 to 3.75) | 0.73 | 0.85 (0.33 to 2.24) | 0.75 | 1.20 (0.29 to 4.98) | 0.81 | 1.01 (0.53 to 1.93) | 0.98 | 1.28 (0.41 to 3.94) | 0.67 | 0.80 (0.31 to 2.12) | 0.66 | 1.52 (0.39 to 6.04) | 0.55 |
| Foreign unknown | 0.98 (0.49 to 1.93) | 0.94 | 0 | <0.0001 | 0 | <0.0001 | 1.18 (0.51 to 2.74) | 0.69 | 1.23 (0.62 to 2.45) | 0.56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | <0.0001 | 1.47 (0.62 to 3.50) | 0.39 |
| Alcohol | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Yes | 0.81 (0.69 to 0.95) | 0.01 | 0.99 (0.76 to 1.28) | 0.93 | 0 | <0.0001 | 0.89 (0.55 to 1.45) | 0.65 | 1.01 (0.83 to 1.23) | 0.91 | 0.98 (0.76 to 1.27) | 0.86 | 0 | <0.0001 | 1.01 (0.62 to 1.64) | 0.96 |
| Smoking | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 0.85 (0.69 to 1.04) | 0.12 | 1.03 (0.80 to 1.33) | 0.81 | 0.47 (0.21 to 1.05) | 0.07 | 1.19 (0.64 to 2.19) | 0.59 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | - |
| Missing | ||||||||||||||||
| OGTT | ||||||||||||||||
| Normal | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Impaired fasting glucose | 0.94 (0.24 to 3.62) | 0.93 | 2.70 (0.44 to 16.65) | 0.28 | 0.74 (0.11 to 4.98) | 0.75 | 0 | <0.0001 | 0.46 (0.07 to 3.12) | 0.43 | 1.56 (0.54 to 4.51) | 0.42 | 0 | <0.0001 | 0 | <0.0001 |
| Impaired glucose tolerance | 1.20 (0.92 to 1.56) | 0.18 | 1.49 (0.91 to 2.42) | 0.11 | 1.05 (0.74 to 1.47) | 0.8 | 1.06 (0.47 to 2.37) | 0.89 | 1.12 (0.86 to 1.46) | 0.41 | 1.50 (0.92 to 2.46) | 0.1 | 1.01 (0.72 to 1.43) | 0.95 | 0.97 (0.43 to 2.18) | 0.94 |
| Diabetes | 0.96 (0.49 to 1.89) | 0.91 | 1.18 (0.18 to 7.91) | 0.86 | 0.73 (0.31 to 1.72) | 0.47 | 1.55 (0.40 to 5.96) | 0.52 | 0.85 (0.43 to 1.69) | 0.65 | 1.21 (0.18 to 8.17) | 0.84 | 0.72 (0.30 to 1.72) | 0.46 | 1.14 (0.29 to 4.49) | 0.86 |
| IMD 2010 score | ||||||||||||||||
| 1 (most deprived) | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | ||||
| 2 | 0.87 (0.72 to 1.06) | 0.17 | 1.03 (0.75 to 1.40) | 0.88 | 0.91 (0.68 to 1.22) | 0.55 | 0.66 (0.37 to 1.17) | 0.15 | 0.96 (0.78 to 1.18) | 0.7 | 1.02 (0.74 to 1.40) | 0.93 | 0.99 (0.74 to 1.33) | 0.95 | 0.66 (0.37 to 1.21) | 0.2 |
| 3 | 0.79 (0.61 to 1.01) | 0.06 | 0.93 (0.66 to 1.31) | 0.67 | 0.86 (0.54 to 1.36) | 0.51 | 0.61 (0.27 to 1.39) | 0.24 | 0.89 (0.68 to 1.17) | 0.41 | 0.92 (0.63 to 1.34) | 0.67 | 0.99 (0.62 to 1.58) | 0.97 | 0.41 (0.14 to 1.16) | 0.94 |
| 4 | 0.88 (0.56 to 1.37) | 0.57 | 0.99 (0.59 to 1.67) | 0.97 | 1.06 (0.28 to 4.02) | 0.93 | 1.34 (0.35 to 5.17) | 0.67 | 1.11 (0.70 to 1.76) | 0.66 | 1.02 (0.59 to 1.75) | 0.95 | 1.64 (0.45 to 6.02) | 0.45 | 1.30 (0.39 to 4.34) | 0.67 |
| 5 (least deprived) | 1.29 (0.80 to 2.07) | 0.3 | 1.36 (0.77 to 2.41) | 0.29 | 3.75 (1.42 to 9.90) | 0.01 | 0.97 (0.14 to 6.59) | 0.97 | 1.66 (1.01 to 2.71) | 0.05 | 1.41 (0.77 to 2.57) | 0.26 | 4.93 (1.77 to 13.73) | 0.002 | 0.97 (1.15 to 6.45) | 0.98 |
| Consanguinity | ||||||||||||||||
| Non-consanguineous | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| First cousin | 1.85 (1.57 to 2.18) | <0.0001 | 9.28 (2.31 to 37.30) | 0.002 | 1.96 (1.55 to 2.47) | <0.0001 | 1.91 (0.95 to 3.82) | 0.07 | 1.82 (1.50 to 2.20) | <0.0001 | 6.87 (1.68 to 23.18) | 0.01 | 1.87 (1.46 to 2.38) | <0.0001 | 1.79 (0.86 to 3.74) | 0.12 |
| Second cousin | 1.55 (1.18 to 2.03) | 0.001 | 1 | – | 1.59 (1.15 to 2.20) | 0.005 | 2.86 (1.12 to 7.28) | 0.028 | 1.58 (1.19 to 2.10) | 0.002 | 0 | – | 1.54 (1.11 to 2.15) | 0.009 | 3.33 (1.27 to 8.73) | 0.015 |
| Other blood | 1.42 (1.02 to 1.98) | 0.04 | 0 | <0.0001 | 1.55 (1.07 to 2.25) | 0.02 | 0 | <0.0001 | 1.44 (1.03 to 2.03) | 0.35 | 0 | <0.0001 | 1.53 (1.06 to 2.21) | 0.024 | 0 | <0.0001 |
| BMI | ||||||||||||||||
| Normal | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Overweight | 1.05 (0.88 to 1.25) | 0.56 | 1.13 (0.83 to 1.55) | 0.44 | 1.04 (0.82 to 1.30) | 0.76 | 0.87 (0.52 to 1.46) | 0.61 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Obese | 0.88 (0.72 to 1.09) | 0.24 | 1.08 (0.78 to 1.51) | 0.64 | 0.74 (0.55 to 1.01) | 0.06 | 1.07 (0.62 to 1.85) | 0.8 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Underweight | 0.94 (0.64 to 1.38) | 0.77 | 0.97 (0.40 to 2.34) | 0.95 | 1.00 (0.65 to 1.55) | 0.99 | 0.23 (0.03 to 1.66) | 0.150.15 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Missing | ||||||||||||||||
BMI, body mass index; CA, congenital anomaly; GCSE, General Certificate of Secondary Education; IMD, Index of Multiple Deprivation 2010; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; RR, risk ratio.