Table 1. Summary of 16 cohorts contributing data to systematic review.
| Study Name | Publication Year | Journal | Study Type | Cohort Size | Mean/median follow-up (months) | Mean/median age, years | Male% | White% | Black% | Other ethnicity% | GFR Measurement | eGFR | urine | CVD% | DM% | HTN% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AASK[25] | 2006 | AJKD | RCT | 1094 | 49 | 55 | 61.2 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 125-iothalamate | 46 | proteinuria 0.31mg/mg | 51.6 | 0 | 100 |
| Ankara[26] | 2014 | CJASN | Cohort | 403 | 38 | 53.2 | 56.5 | - | - | - | MDRD | ~20% in each CKD category | 1.61 g/day | 13.4 | 22.6 | 15.9 |
| CanPREDDICT[27] | 2016 | Kidney International | Cohort | 2529 | 36 | 68.2 | 62.5 | 88.7 | - | - | MDRD | 28.0 | ACR 16.3 mg/mmol | 33.5@ | 48.2 | 26.5$ |
| CARE FOR HOMe[19] | 2014 | CJASN | Cohort | 444 | 31 | 65 | 60 | 99.8 | - | 0.2 | MDRD | 45+-16 | proteinuria 37 mg/g | 30.0 | 38 | 37.2^ |
| CREATE[28] | 2010 | Current Medical Research & Opinion | RCT | 291 | 24 | 59.9 | 48.8 | - | - | - | CG | - | - | 93.5 | - | 90.4 |
| CRIC[29] | 2013 | AJKD | Cohort | 3904 | 47 | 58.2 | 54.8 | 45.5 | 41.8 | 12.7 | CRIC-GFR | 44.8 | 1.07 g/day | 33.4 | 48.5 | 86.1 |
| CRISIS[30] | 2015 | Nephrology | Cohort | 463 | 46 | 63.8 | 61.8 | 96 | - | - | MDRD | 29.4 | 0.49 g/L protein | 29.4 | 31.3 | 13.0$ |
| Digitalis[31] | 2010 | Circulation: Heart Failure | RCT | 1974 | 57 | 68 | 65.6 | 89.2 | - | 10.8% 'non-white' | MDRD | 47 | - | 100 | 50 | 60.2 |
| Fujita[32] | 2013 | Heart and Vessels | Cohort | 404 | 33 | 67 | 63.6 | - | - | - | MDRD | 24.1 | 351 mg/g Cr | 33.2 | 37.6 | 73.5^ |
| Genoa[33] | 2016 | CJASN | Cohort | 445 | 71 | 64.1 | 62.0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | MDRD | 39.9 | 0.4 g/d | 22.0 | 19.1 | 100 |
| ICKD[20] | 2013 | CJASN | Cohort | 3303 | 36 | 63.5 | 57.8 | - | - | - | MDRD and EPI-CKD | 23.4 (EPI-CKD) | PCR 1118.3 mg/g | 26.4 | 44.6 | 67.1 |
| Kaohsiung[34] | 2013 | Nephron Clinical Practice | Cohort | 356 | 25 | 66.3 | 73 | - | - | - | EPI-CKD | % stage given | dipstick | 11.8 | 58.4 | 83.7 |
| Kyushu[21] | 2014 | Hypertension Research | RCT | 320 | 30 | 72 | 68.1 | 0 | 0 | 100% Japanese | Japanese equation | 18.4 | 1.5 g/day | 19.0 | 51 | 94 |
| Leuven[22] | 2015 | Kidney International | Cohort | 476 | 57 | 64 | 54.6 | 98.0 | - | 2.0% ‘non-Caucasian’ | EPI-CKD | 34 | 0.27 g/day | 27.7 | 18.1 | 70.7^ |
| Madrid[23] | 2010 | CJASN | RCT | 113 | 23 | 71.6 | 64.6 | 100 | 0 | 0 | MDRD | 40.1 | 35.5 mg/d albuminuria | 23.0 | 21 | 80^ |
| MAURO[24] | 2015 | CJASN | Cohort | 755 | 31 | 62 | 60 | 100 | 0 | 0 | MDRD | 36 | 0.6 milligram/24 hours | 29.0 | 35 | 92 |
| Naples[35] | 2013 | JACC | Cohort | 436 | 57 | 65 | 58.3 | 100 | 0 | 0 | MDRD | 42.9 | 0.31g/day | 30.5 | 36.5 | 72.9 |
| OSERCE-2[36]) | 2015 | CJASN | Cohort | 742 | 35 | 66 | 65 | 99 | 0 | 1 | MDRD | 27.3 | proteinuria 106 mg/g | 11.0 | 66 | 94 |
| Pravastatin[37] | 2005 | JASN | RCT | 4670 | 64 | 62.3 | 21.3 | >90 | - | - | MDRD | 56.7 | dipstick | 75.3 | 12.2 | 48.2 |
| RRI[38] | 2012 | NDT | Cohort | 305 | 32 | 59.5 | 50.5 | 78.4 | 17.7 | 3.9 | MDRD,CG | 28.2 | ACR 192.0 (2–9259) | 36.7 | 30.8 | 88.9 |
| TREAT[39] | 2016 | Journal of Human Hypertension | RCT | 4038 | 29 | 68 | 42.7 | 63.6 | 20.2 | 16.1 | MDRD | 33 | PCR 0.39 g/g | 36.5” | 100 | 92.4 |
‘-‘ refers to data not presented.
^figure based on proportion on RAAS blocker, for the Madrid cohort also 29.2% on CCB and 63.7% on diuretics.
$refers to percentage with hypertensive nephropathy as cause of CKD.
“refers to number with coronary heart disease, 17.6% had cerebrovascular disease.
@refers to proportion with ischaemic heart disease.
Journals: AJKD—American Journal of Kidney Disease, CJASN—Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, JACC—Journal of the American College of Cardiology, JASN—Journal of the American Society of Nephrology.
GFR measurement: CG—Cockcroft-Gault, CKD-EPI—Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, MDRD—The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease.