Table 2. Top species dispersed by brown howlers and percentage of damaged seeds in six Atlantic forest fragments.
| Species | % of total fecal records (# fecal samples) | % damaged seeds (n) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S1 | S2 | S3 | L1 | L2 | L3 | S1 | S2 | S3 | L1 | L2 | L3 | |
| Ficus cestrifolia | 11.5 (68) | 13.4 (58) | 21.9 (69) | 8.1 (34) | 11.8 (59) | 10.7 (40) | 0 (1501) | 0 (3486) | 0 (3466) | 0 (2947) | 0 (2285) | 0 (1841) |
| Coussapoa microcarpa | 4.1 (24) | 8.3 (36) | 9.8 (31) | 3.1 (13) | 4.6 (23) | 6.4 (24) | 0 (515) | 0 (1025) | 0 (849) | 0 (210) | 0 (1237) | 0 (1731) |
| Lithraea brasiliensis | 6.4 (38) | 2.5 (11) | 15.9 (50) | ― | 9.8 (49) | 5.6 (21) | 0 (2047) | 0 (160) | 0 (4243) | ― | 0 (4521) | 0 (1569) |
| Guapira opposita | 3.1 (18) | 2.3 (10) | ― | 3.6 (15) | 7.6 (38) | 3.7 (14) | 0 (96) | 0 (176) | ― | 0 (380) | 0 (1024) | 0 (218) |
| Syagrus romanzoffiana | 8.1 (48) | ― | ― | 12 (50) | 13.4 (67) | 6.4 (24) | 3 (191) | ― | ― | 0 (226) | 0 (288) | 5.1 (78) |
| Diospyros inconstans | 5.6 (33) | ― | ― | 4.5 (19) | 6.4 (32) | 10.2 (38) | 2 (197) | ― | ― | 0.1 (90) | 0 (134) | 0.9 (454) |
| Banara parviflora | ― | 5.3 (23) | 2.9 (9) | 9.6 (40) | ― | 2.7 (10) | ― | 0 (4714) | 0 (480) | 0 (4775) | ― | 0 (462) |
| Enterolobium contortisiliquum | 4.8 (28) | 2.3 (10) | ― | ― | 7.4 (37) | 4 (15) | 4 (50) | 6.3 (16) | ― | ― | 7.5 (99) | 17.8 (45) |
| Ficus luschnathiana | 2.7 (16) | ― | ― | 6.2 (26) | 4 (20) | 2.7 (10) | 0.2 (928) | ― | ― | 0 (8443) | 0 (3173) | 0 (559) |
| Psidium guajava* | 14.1 (83) | 13.2 (57) | 16.2 (51) | ― | ― | ― | 0 (4842) | 0 (2935) | 0 (1061) | ― | ― | ― |
| Erythroxylum argentinum | 4.4 (26) | ― | ― | ― | 5 (25) | 4 (15) | 0 (419) | ― | ― | ― | 0 (1145) | 0 (538) |
| Allophylus edulis | ― | 3 (13) | ― | ― | 6.4 (32) | 3.5 (13) | ― | 0 (783) | ― | ― | 0 (1606) | 0 (482) |
| Myrcia glabra | ― | 3.2 (14) | 9.5 (30) | ― | ― | ― | ― | 0 (242) | 0 (1471) | ― | ― | ― |
| Annona sylvatica | ― | 2.1 (9) | ― | 5.5 (23) | ― | 3.5 (13) | ― | 0 (32) | ― | 0 (114) | ― | 0 (31) |
| Hovenia dulcis* | 2.7 (16) | 6.7 (29) | ― | ― | ― | ― | 1.6 (438) | 3 (683) | ― | ― | ― | ― |
| Trichilia claussenii | ― | ― | ― | 4.5 (19) | 3.8 (19) | ― | ― | ― | ― | 0 (75) | 0 (87) | ― |
| Citrus reticulata* | 4.6 (27) | 3.5 (15) | ― | ― | ― | ― | 0 (591) | 0 (47) | ― | ― | ― | ― |
| Syzygium cummini* | ― | 4.8 (21) | 3.2 (10) | ― | ― | ― | ― | 0 (36) | 1.7 (59) | ― | ― | ― |
| Campomanesia xanthocarpa | 3.2 (19) | ― | 2.9 (9) | ― | ― | ― | ― | ― | 0.9 (109) | ― | ― | ― |
| Cecropia pachystachya | 3.4 (20) | ― | ― | ― | ― | 2.4 (9) | 0 (1210) | ― | ― | ― | ― | 0 (409) |
| Cordia ecalyculata | ― | ― | ― | 6 (25) | ― | ― | ― | ― | ― | 0 (77) | ― | ― |
| Hyperbaena domingensis | ― | ― | ― | ― | ― | 5.9 (22) | ― | ― | ― | ― | ― | 0 (163) |
| Garcinia gardneriana | ― | ― | ― | 5.5 (23) | ― | ― | ― | ― | ― | 0 (253) | ― | ― |
| Eriobotrya japonica* | ― | 5.1 (22) | ― | ― | ― | ― | ― | 0 (98) | ― | ― | ― | ― |
| Cereus hildmannianus | ― | ― | ― | 6.7 (28) | ― | ― | ― | ― | ― | 0 (1416) | ― | ― |
| Myrcianthes pungens | ― | ― | ― | 3.8 (16) | ― | ― | ― | ― | ― | 0.2 (452) | ― | ― |
| Chrysophyllum marginatum | 3.7 (22) | ― | ― | ― | ― | ― | 2 (98) | ― | ― | ― | ― | ― |
| Ficus adhatodifolia | ― | ― | ― | ― | ― | 3.7 (14) | ― | ― | ― | ― | ― | 0 (2026) |
| Eugenia rostrifolia | ― | ― | ― | 3.6 (15) | ― | ― | ― | ― | ― | 0 (90) | ― | ― |
| Myrciaria cuspidata | ― | 3.5 (15) | ― | ― | ― | ― | ― | 0 (120) | ― | ― | ― | ― |
| Chrysophyllum gonocarpum | ― | 3 (13) | ― | ― | ― | ― | ― | 0 (69) | ― | ― | ― | ― |
| Celtis iguanaea | ― | ― | ― | ― | ― | 2.7 (10) | ― | ― | ― | ― | ― | 0 (13) |
| Prunus myrtifolia | ― | ― | ― | ― | ― | 2.4 (9) | ― | ― | ― | ― | ― | 0 (66) |
| Total species | Mean (SD) of the % of damaged seeds | |||||||||||
| 15 | 16 | 8 | 14 | 11 | 17 | 1.1 (1.3) | 0.6 (1.7) | 0.4 (0.6) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.7 (2.3) | 1.4 (4.4) | |
* Cultivated alien species (n = 5). Seed species (n = 33) organized in decreasing order of the number of fragments where they were defecated and then the percentage of total fecal records. See also S3 Table for a complete list of dispersed seed species.