Table 2. Cohort-Specific Associations of Individual Biomarker With HFpEF and HFrEF.
| Biomarker | Subdistribution Hazard Ratio (95% CI)a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHS | FHS | MESA | PREVEND | |
| HFpEF | ||||
| UACR | NA | 1.27 (1.02-1.57) | 1.32 (1.10-1.58) | 1.32 (1.14-1.53) |
| Natriuretic peptide | 1.12 (0.99-1.28) | 1.51 (1.23-1.86) | 1.80 (1.39-2.33) | 1.17 (0.94-1.45) |
| PAI-1 | NA | 1.23 (0.93-1.61) | 2.28 (1.38-3.77) | 1.11 (0.87-1.42) |
| Fibrinogen | 1.08 (0.96-1.20) | 1.25 (1.01-1.54) | 1.16 (0.95-1.41) | NA |
| IL-6 | 1.10 (0.97-1.24) | NA | 1.18 (0.94-1.47) | NA |
| hs-Tn | 1.15 (1.02-1.29) | 1.12 (0.98-1.29) | 1.28 (1.06-1.56) | 1.00 (0.86-1.17) |
| Cystatin C | 1.13 (1.01-1.27) | 1.07 (0.90-1.28) | 1.08 (0.87-1.34) | 1.01 (0.85-1.19) |
| D-dimer | 1.03 (0.86-1.22) | 0.98 (0.75-1.28) | 1.11 (0.90-1.38) | NA |
| sST2 | 1.01 (0.90-1.14) | 1.19 (0.96-1.48) | NA | NA |
| CRP | 1.08 (0.95-1.22) | 0.95 (0.73-1.22) | 1.25 (1.01-1.56) | 0.82 (0.64-1.04) |
| Aldosterone to renin ratio | NA | 1.01 (0.87-1.18) | NA | 1.05 (0.90-1.24) |
| Galectin-3 | 1.10 (0.98-1.23) | 1.05 (0.85-1.30) | NA | 0.79 (0.66-0.96) |
| HFrEF | ||||
| UACR | NA | 1.42 (1.11-1.82) | 1.26 (1.10-1.45) | 1.08 (0.96-1.22) |
| Natriuretic peptide | 1.30 (1.14-1.48) | 1.31 (1.06-1.61) | 2.33 (1.92-2.84) | 1.80 (1.51-2.13) |
| PAI-1 | NA | 1.21 (0.92-1.59) | 1.02 (0.60-1.73) | 0.99 (0.83-1.18) |
| Fibrinogen | 1.09 (0.99-1.20) | 1.17 (0.96-1.43) | 1.09 (0.92-1.30) | NA |
| IL-6 | 1.11 (1.00-1.23) | NA | 1.15 (0.95-1.39) | NA |
| hs-Tn | 1.21 (1.08-1.36) | 1.46 (1.28-1.66) | 1.62 (1.42-1.84) | 1.44 (1.30-1.60) |
| Cystatin C | 1.16 (1.07-1.27) | 1.43 (1.20-1.71) | 1.26 (1.13-1.41) | 1.09 (0.93-1.28) |
| D-dimer | 1.16 (1.00-1.36) | 1.33 (1.04-1.71) | 1.24 (1.06-1.46) | NA |
| sST2 | 0.94 (0.84-1.06) | 1.28 (1.01-1.64) | NA | NA |
| CRP | 1.15 (1.04-1.28) | 1.59 (1.33-1.90) | 1.15 (0.95-1.40) | 1.19 (1.02-1.38) |
| Aldosterone to renin ratio | NA | 1.03 (0.85-1.25) | NA | 1.08 (0.96-1.22) |
| Galectin-3 | 0.99 (0.89-1.10) | 1.26 (1.03-1.53) | NA | 1.09 (0.94-1.26) |
Abbreviations: CHS, Cardiovascular Health Study; CRP, C-reactive protein; FHS, Framingham Heart Study; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; hs-Tn, high-sensitivity troponin; IL-6, interleukin 6; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; NA, not available; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; PREVEND, Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease; sST2, soluble suppressor of tumorigenicity; UACR, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio.
Subdistribution hazard ratio (Fine-Gray model) per 1-SD increase in natural log-transformed biomarker. Multivariable model is adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, previous myocardial infarction, body mass index, hypertension treatment, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, presence of left ventricular hypertrophy or left bundle branch block, and diabetes.