Table I.
Participant details in the first grade.
| TD (N =15) | PLI (N =15) | Spanish norm (N =65) | English norm (N =37) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age in months | 81.26 (4.39) | 81.13(4.03) | 82.80 (4.78) | 82.86 (4.46) |
| Mean Non-verbal IQ | 100.73 (11.20) | 90.80 (10.33) | 99.60 (10.44) | 98.45 (12.68) |
| Mean Spanish input/output | 48.58 (17.36) | 48.63 (15.68) | 61.95 (8.52) | 33.04 (14.45) |
| Sex | 8F, 7M | 8F, 7M | 37F, 28M | 12F, 25M |
| Age of first English exposure (years) | 2.4 (1.35) | 2.8 (1.17) | 2.56 (1.36) | 1.70 (1.37) |
| SES | 14-low 1-middle | 14-low 1-middle | 59-low 6-middle | 28-low 9-middle |
| BESA English Semantics | 72.63 (10.85) | 50.55 (16.74) | 64.48 (13.12) | 73.25 (10.27) |
| BESA English Morphosyntax | 69.41 (28.27) | 33.75 (23.84) | 54.48 (22.84) | 74.21 (20.98) |
| BESA Spanish Semantics | 69.93 (7.37) | 45.44 (11.34) | 68.13 (8.64) | 52.17 (22.32) |
| BESA Spanish Morphosyntax | 78.10 (12.49) | 40.72 (15.60) | 77.29 (13.36) | 56.93 (30.13) |
| TOLD Spoken Language Quotient | 83.26 (11.49) | 64.4 (11.05) | 70.78 (10.32) | 82.37 (13.36) |
| TNL Narrative Ability Index | 90.40 (13.23) | 66.6 (11.33) | 78.51 (10.32) | 86.37 (15.30) |
Note: Socioeconomic status (SES) was calculated based on children’s Lunch programme. Children with low SES received free and/or reduced lunch and children with middle SES did not receive free/reduced lunch; BESA: Bilingual English Spanish Assessment (Peña et al., 2014); TOLD: Test of Language Development (Newcomer & Hammill, 2008); TNL: Test of Narrative Language (Gillam & Pearson, 2004); BESA scores are percentages based on the normative data from kindergarten children in their dominant language. TOLD and TNL scores are standard scores (M =100, SD =15).