Table 2.

Characteristics of Efficacious Studies

Author, Year	Primary Target	Design/Intervention	Duration	Follow-up period	N	Sample Description	FOF Measure(s)
Huang, 2011¹⁴	FOF	3 arms: CBT; CBT + tai chi; control	2 months	5 months	186	60+ yrs, community dwelling	Geriatric Fear of Falling Measure FES
Kwok, 2016¹⁵	FOF	2 arms: Wii exercise; gym exercise	3 months	6 months, 12 months	80	community dwelling 60+ yrs; not routine exercisers	Modified FES
Zijlstra, 2009¹⁶	FOF	2 arms: multi- component with CBT; control	2 months + 1 session at 6 months	12 months	540	70+ yrs, community dwelling with FOF or activity avoidance	Single item: Are you concerned about falling? (1–5) Single item: Do you avoid certain activities due to concerns about falling? (1–5) Frenchay Activities Index
Dorresteijn, 2016¹⁷	FOF	2 arms: home- based CBT program; usual care	5 months	5 months, 12 months	389	70+ yrs, fair or poor perceived health, concern about falling and activity avoidance	FES-I FES-IAB (activity avoidance) GARS
Oh, 2012¹⁸	FOF	2 arms: education + exercise; education only	3 months	3 months	65	65+ yrs, community dwelling, fallen in previous year	Single item: How afraid are you of falling down? (0–4) ABC Scale – Korean version
van Haastregt, 2013¹⁹	FOF	2 arms: multi- component (CBT, environmental modification, exercise); control	14 months	2 months, 8 months, 14 months	540	70+ yrs, report some fear of falling and activity avoidance	Single item: Are you afraid of falling? (0–4) Single item: Do you avoid certain activities due to fear of falling? (0–4)
Parry, 2016²⁰	FOF	2 arms: STRIDE – CBT-based intervention; control	2 months	12 months	415	60+ yrs, community dwelling, express fear of falling	FES-I Single item: Fear of falling (0– 10)
Cyarto, 2008²¹	FOF	3 arms: home- based resistance and balance training; group- based resistance and balance training; group based walking	5 months	5 months	9 clusters, 167 participants	65–96 yrs, independently living retirement village residents	ABC Scale
Kim, 2012²²	FOF	2 arms: guided relaxation with imagery; guided relaxation	6 weeks	6 weeks	91	60+ yrs, report a fear of falling	7-item FES-I
Iliffe, 2014²³ and Iliffe, 2015²⁴	Falls	3 arms: group- based exercise (FaME); home based exercise (Otago); usual care	6 months	18 months	1256	65+ yrs, able to take part in exercise class	Confidence in Balance scale FES-I
Lin, 2007²⁵	Falls	3 arms: education, home safety and modification; exercise training	4 months	8 months	150	65+ years, recent fall	VAS (0–10)
Hwang, 2016²⁶	Falls	2 arms: tai chi; lower extremity training	6 months	6 months, 18 months	456	60+ yrs, had a fall- related emergency department visit at least 6 months ago, ambulate independently	FES-I
Barban, 2017²⁷	Falls	4 arms: motor training only (stretching, balance, gait); motor + cognitive exercises delivered via i-walker; cognitive training only; control	3 months	6 months	496	65+ yrs, at risk of falling	FES-I
Duque, 2013²⁸	Falls	2 arms: balance training; usual care	6 weeks	6 weeks, 9 months	60	65+ yrs, at least 1 fall in the previous 6 months, poor balance (posturography)	SAFFE
Jeon, 2014²⁹	Falls	2 arms: multi- component (strength, balance, education); control	3 months	3 months	70	65+ yrs, female, residing in rural area, at least 3 falls in previous year	Single item: Do you fear falling? (0–3) FES
Siegrist, 2016³⁰	Falls	2 arms: muscle strengthening and balance training; usual care	4 months	12 months	378	older adults, independently living, at high risk for falling	FES-I
Gallo, 2016³¹	Falls	2 arms: individualized home-based exercise program; usual care	6 months	6 months	69	65+ yrs, living independently, at risk of falling	ABC Scale
Boongird, 2017³²	Falls	2 arms: home- based exercise program (modified Otago); control	12 months	6 months	439	older adults, balance impairment unrelated to neurological condition	FES – Thai version
Patil, 2016⁴⁶	Other	4 arms: vitamin D + exercise; vitamin D only; placebo + exercise; placebo only	24 months	24 months	409	home-dwelling women with fall in previous year	FES-I VAS (0–100)
Oh, 2015⁴⁷	Other	2 arms: water- based exercise; land based exercise	10 weeks	10 weeks	80	65+ yrs, more than 1 fall in previous 3 months, not regular exercisers	Modified FES
Sheffield, 2013⁴⁸	Other	2 arms: individualized assessment with adaptive equipment and home modifications; control	3 months	3 months	90	65+ yrs, currently receiving some sort of agency service (significant impairments in ADLs)	FES-I
Freiberger, 2013⁴⁹	Other	2 arms: complex exercise (balance, gait, muscle strength, body awareness, motor coordination, self- efficacy); usual care	4 months	4 months	33 clusters, 378 participants	65+ yrs, one or more fall in past 12 months or fear of falling or physical fall risk	FES-I – German version
Yamada, 2012⁵⁰	Other	2 arms: pedometer based walking; control	6 months	6 months	87	older adults, community dwelling, sedentary	Single item: Are you afraid of falling? (yes/no)
Pollock, 2012⁵¹	Other	2 arms: whole body vibration; exercise	2 months	6 months	77	frail older fallers	FES-I
Schoene, 2015⁵²	Other	2 arms: interactive videogame for cognitive-motor step training; control	3 months	4 months	90	70+ yrs, independent living	Icon-FES

Abbreviations: ABC = Activity-specific Balance Confidence; FES = Falls Efficacy Scale; FOF = Fear of Falling; GARS = Groningen Activity Restriction Scale; SAFFE = Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly; VAS = Visual Analogue Scale;