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. 2018 Mar 21;8:4957. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23414-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Scanning electron microscopy images of fracture surface after fatigue tests: (a) Samples mostly fracture close to the nodes. (b) A crack, which initiated and propagated close to a node for tension-compression fatigue. (c) The fracture surface in tension-tension fatigue showed signs of both fatigue crack propagation (upper right) and ductile overload fracture (lower left). (d,e) The fracture surface after compression-compression fatigue failure (d) and tension-compression fatigue failure (e) showed only signs of fatigue crack propagation, no overload failure. (f) Higher magnification of crack propagation area.