Table 2.

Incidence and HRs of HCC associated with aspirin use.

				Incidence rate of HCC			Risk* of HCC
	No. of subjects	No. of person-years	No. of HCC	per 105 person-years	95% CI		Adjusted HR	95% CI		P for trend
All subjects	460,755	2,965,500	2,336	78.77	75.64	82.03
Women	213,747	1,394,642	697	49.98	46.40	53.83	1
Men	247,008	1,570,858	1,639	104.34	99.41	109.51	2.17	1.95	2.41
Aspirin use
Non-user (<30 DDDs)	395,973	2,565,103	1,954	76.18	72.87	79.63	1			0.002
User (≥30 DDDs)	64,782	400,397	382	95.41	86.30	105.47	0.87	0.77	0.98
30–365 DDDs	31,188	192,907	200	103.68	90.26	119.09	0.98	0.84	1.15
365–730 DDDs	13,781	85,143	75	88.09	70.25	110.46	0.79	0.62	1.00
>730 DDDs	19,813	122,346	107	87.46	72.36	105.70	0.75	0.60	0.91
Concurrent non-aspirin NSAID use (≥30 DDDs)
Neither	325,136	2,114,601	1667	78.83	75.14	82.71	1
Aspirin only user (≥365 DDDs)	22,046	137,237	123	89.63	75.11	106.95	0.76	0.62	0.92
Non-aspirin NSAID only user	102,025	643,410	487	75.69	69.26	82.72	0.81	0.73	0.91
Both user	11,548	70,253	59	83.98	65.07	108.39	0.65	0.50	0.85

Abbreviations: HR = hazard ratio; HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma; DDD = defined daily dose; NSAIDs = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; CI = confidence interval.

^*Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate the adjusted hazard rate ratios and two-sided 95% confidence intervals, with adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, health behaviors (cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity), concurrent medication, category of blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose and total cholesterol, socioeconomic status, and Charlson comorbidity index score.