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. 2018 Mar 21;8:4989. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22740-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Location of loops regions in Cyt1Aa toxin where loop3 from Cry1Ab was inserted. Panel A, Amino acid sequence of Cyt1Aa toxin is aligned with the three-dimensional structures, helices alpha and beta strands are labeled over the amino acid sequence. The selected loop regions are labeled in red, arrows indicate the site of insertion of loop3 (FRSGFSNSSVSI) from Cry1Ab. Residues labeled in green correspond to regions involved in synergism with Cry11Aa and Cry4Ba. Panel B, Localization of loops in the three dimensional structure of Cyt1Aa (PDB 3RON) showing that the selected regions were exposed to the solvent. Loop regions that resulted in improved toxicity against lepidopteran larvae are in blue dark color. Loop regions important for synergism are in green color.