Fig. 3.

Process intensification. a Conventional reaction mode and process-intensified mode with EG separation. b Catalytic performance of MoS₂ foam/CdS. Reaction conditions: catalyst, 20 mg; solution, 76 wt% CH₃OH + 24 wt% H₂O, 10 cm³; atmosphere, N₂; and light source, 300-W Xe lamp, visible light (λ = 420–780 nm). The red star in b denotes EG selectivity. The experiments in each case were performed at least three times. The error bar represents the relative deviation, which is within 5%. GLD glycoaldehyde, OX oxalic acid