Table 3.
Five years incidence of major depressive disorder and associations with social and economic risk factors among men and women in the Ibadan Study of Ageing
| Baseline risk factors | Men | Women | Adjusteda HR (95%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No of incident cases | Incidence rate per 1000 person-years (95% CI) | Unadjusted HR (95%) | Adjusteda HR (95%) | No of incident cases | Incidence rate per 1000 person-years (95% CI) | Unadjusted HR (95%) | ||
| Overall | 202 | 94.7 (82.5–108.7) | N/A | N/A | 262 | 153.8 (136.3–173.6) | N/A | N/A |
| Economic factors | ||||||||
| Education (years) | ||||||||
| 13+ | 14 | 73.1 (43.3–123.4) | Reference | Reference | 22 | 197.3 (129.9–299.7) | Reference | Reference |
| 7–12 | 28 | 91.8 (63.4–133.0) | 1.4 (0.6–3.3) | 1.4 (0.6–3.3) | 33 | 147.7 (105.0–207.7) | 0.6 (0.2–1.6) | 0.6 (0.2–1.6) |
| 1–6 | 48 | 97.0 (73.1–128.7) | 1.5 (0.7–3.3) | 1.5 (0.7–3.2) | 64 | 149.0 (116.6–190.4) | 0.7 (0.3–1.4) | 0.7 (0.3–1.4) |
| 0 | 112 | 98.1 (81.5–118.0) | 1.7 (0.8–3.8) | 1.7 (0.8–3.8) | 143 | 152.4 (129.3–179.5) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) |
| Occupational attainment | ||||||||
| Skilled | 35 | 82.6 (59.3–115.1) | Reference | Reference | 8 | 166.7 (83.3–333.3) | Reference | Reference |
| Trade | 35 | 90.0 (64.6–125.3) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0)* | 169 | 156.9 (135.0–182.5) | 0.9 (0.3–2.4) | 0.9 (0.3–2.3) |
| Elementary | 112 | 96.9 (80.5–116.6) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1)* | 62 | 159.6 (124.4–204.7) | 1.2 (0.5–2.9) | 1.2 (0.5–2.8) |
| Household assets (number) | ||||||||
| 3–10 | 147 | 106.3 (90.5–125.0) | Reference | Reference | 153 | 166.1 (141.8–194.6) | Reference | Reference |
| < 3 | 33 | 74.7 (53.1–105.0) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 88 | 129.5 (105.1–159.6) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) |
| > 10 | 22 | 71.2 (46.9–108.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 21 | 204.9 (133.6–314.2) | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | 1.3 (0.8–1.9) |
| Place of residence | ||||||||
| Urban | 39 | 79.1 (57.8–108.3) | Reference | Reference | 68 | 157.8 (124.4–200.1) | Reference | Reference |
| Semi-urban | 94 | 110.4 (90.2–135.1) | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 1.5 (1.0–2.2) | 104 | 143.9 (118.8–174.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) |
| Rural | 69 | 87.5 (69.1–110.7) | 1.2 (0.8–2.0) | 1.2 (0.8–2.0) | 90 | 163.8 (133.2–201.4) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7)* |
| Household floor types | ||||||||
| Hard floor | 161 | 96.5 (82.7–112.6) | Reference | Reference | 199 | 152.7 (132.9–175.4) | Reference | Reference |
| Earthen floor | 33 | 88.9 (63.2–125.1) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 47 | 160.7 (120.7–213.9) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) |
| Source of water supplyb | ||||||||
| Unprotected | 140 | 97.2 (82.4–114.7) | Reference | Reference | 182 | 154.0 (133.2–178.1) | Reference | Reference |
| Protected | 56 | 90.7 (69.8–117.8) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 64 | 159.0 (124.5–203.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
| Source of energy for cooking | ||||||||
| Electricity | 11 | 70.7 (39.2–127.7) | Reference | Reference | 22 | 186.4 (122.8–283.2) | Reference | Reference |
| Paraffin/kerosine | 64 | 99.5 (77.8–127.1) | 1.9 (0.8–4.4) | 1.8 (0.8–4.3) | 71 | 131.8 (104.5–166.4) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) |
| Firewood | 121 | 96.2 (80.5–115.0) | 1.9 (0.8–4.3) | 1.9 (0.8–4.3) | 154 | 167.5 (143.0–196.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) |
| Source of light supply | ||||||||
| Electricity | 91 | 100.9 (82.2–124.0) | Reference | Reference | 112 | 154.5 (128.4–185.9) | Reference | Reference |
| Fossil | 105 | 91.1 (75.3–110.4) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 135 | 157.8 (133.3–186.8) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) |
| Social factors | ||||||||
| Regular contacts with friends | ||||||||
| Yes | 184 | 93.8 (81.2–108.4) | Reference | Reference | 212 | 150.8 (131.8–172.6) | Reference | Reference |
| No | 11 | 93.6 (51.8–169.0) | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | 0.9 (0.5–1.4) | 46 | 197.4 (147.9–263.6) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) |
| Regular contacts with family | ||||||||
| Yes | 193 | 93.7 (81.4–107.9) | Reference | Reference | 254 | 155.7 (137.7–176.1) | Reference | Reference |
| No | 2 | 114.3 (28.6–457.0) | 2.0 (0.6–6.2) | 1.9 (0.6–6.1) | 4 | 533.3 (200.2–1421.0) | 2.2 (1.0–4.7) | 2.2 (1.0–4.7)* |
| Participation in family activities | ||||||||
| Yes | 174 | 92.5 (79.7–107.3) | Reference | Reference | 227 | 163.5 (143.5–186.2) | Reference | Reference |
| No | 21 | 109.9 (71.7–168.6) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 28 | 117.2 (80.9–169.7) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) |
| Participation in community affairs | ||||||||
| Yes | 175 | 91.3 (78.7–105.9) | Reference | Reference | 226 | 157.9 (138.6–179.9) | Reference | Reference |
| No | 20 | 125.8 (81.2–195.0) | 1.4 (0.8–2.3) | 1.4 (0.8–2.2) | 32 | 158.0 (111.8–223.5) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) |
aAdjusted for age
bUnprotected sources include rivers, stream and unprotected wells
*p < 0.05