Table 1.
Characteristics of Mothers With and Without Pumping Data
| Characteristic, n (%) or mean ± SD | Pumping data (n = 205) | No pumping data (n = 197) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | |||
| Maternal age (years) | 28.8 ± 6.2 | 25.3 ± 6.3 | <0.01* |
| Low socioeconomic status | 120 (58.5) | 172 (87.3) | <0.01* |
| Married | 105 (51.2) | 49 (24.9) | <0.01* |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White/Asian | 54 (26.3) | 33 (16.8) | <0.01* |
| Hispanic | 75 (36.6) | 34 (17.3) | |
| Black | 76 (37.1) | 130 (66.0) | |
| Highest education completed | |||
| <High school | 27 (13.2) | 41 (20.8) | <0.01* |
| High school | 51 (24.9) | 54 (27.4) | |
| Trade or <BA/BS | 75 (36.6) | 79 (40.1) | |
| BA/BS or higher | 52 (25.4) | 23 (11.7) | |
| Previous breastfeeding experience | |||
| No (primiparous) | 119 (58.0) | 101 (51.3) | 0.06 |
| No (multiparous) | 28 (13.7) | 45 (22.8) | |
| Yes | 58 (28.3) | 51 (25.9) | |
| Prepregnancy health factors | |||
| Prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 28.5 ± 7.2 | 28.7 ± 7.8 | 0.73 |
| Prepregnancy overweight/obese (BMI ≥25) | 126 (61.5) | 121 (61.4) | 0.87 |
| Hypertension | 20 (9.8) | 17 (8.6) | 0.70 |
| Type II diabetes | 4 (2.0) | 4 (2.0) | 0.96 |
| Pregnancy and infant characteristics | |||
| Multiple gestation | 39 (19.0) | 24 (12.2) | 0.06 |
| Infant male sex | 114 (55.6) | 101 (51.3) | 0.38 |
| Infant gestational age (weeks) | 27.8 ± 2.5 | 28.2 ± 2.4 | 0.08 |
| Infant birth weight (grams) | 1,036 ± 246 | 1,064 ± 261 | 0.26 |
| Pregnancy complications | |||
| Multiple gestation | 37 (18.0) | 22 (11.2) | 0.05 |
| Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia | 47 (22.9) | 59 (29.9) | 0.11 |
| Premature rupture of membranes | 59 (28.8) | 37 (18.8) | 0.02* |
| Placental abruption | 12 (5.9) | 22 (11.2) | 0.06 |
| Fetal heart rate abnormalities/poor biophysical profile | 30 (14.6) | 31 (15.7) | 0.76 |
| Intrauterine growth restriction | 13 (6.3) | 15 (7.6) | 0.62 |
| Uterine abnormalities/cerclage | 16 (7.8) | 7 (3.6) | 0.07 |
| Chorioamnionitis | 25 (12.2) | 21 (10.7) | 0.63 |
| Preterm labor | 68 (33.2) | 66 (33.5) | 0.94 |
| Labor and delivery factors | |||
| Spontaneous onset of labor | 123 (60.0) | 104 (52.8) | 0.15 |
| Induction of labor | 20 (9.8) | 18 (9.1) | 0.83 |
| Cesarean delivery | 126 (61.5) | 126 (64.0) | 0.61 |
| Coming to volume | |||
| By day 14 | 81 (39.5) | N/A | N/A |
*
p < 0.05.
BA/BS, bachelor of arts/bachelor of science; BMI, body mass index.