Table 1. Patient characteristics and outcomes.
| Characteristics | Total (n=593) | Pleural adhesions | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Presence (n=154) | Absence (n=439) | |||
| Basic information | ||||
| Age (years) | 0.017 | |||
| Mean ± SD | 63.1±8.4 | 64.7±6.6 | 62.5±8.9 | |
| Median (IQR) | 63 (58.0–69.0) | 64 (61.0–69.0) | 63 (57.0–69.0) | |
| Gender (Male, %) | 337 (56.8) | 98 (63.6) | 239 (54.4) | 0.058 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.93 | |||
| Mean ± SD | 23.4±3.0 | 23.4±2.8 | 23.4±3.1 | |
| Median (IQR) | 23.3 (21.2–25.4) | 23.2 (21.6–25.6) | 23.3 (20.9–25.4) | |
| Smoking history, n (%) | 276 (46.5) | 92 (59.7) | 184 (41.9) | <0.001 |
| Preoperative comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 137 (23.1) | 48 (31.2) | 89 (20.3) | 0.006 |
| Tuberculosis | 55 (9.3) | 11 (7.1) | 44 (10.0) | 0.29 |
| Preoperative respiratory infection | 55 (9.3) | 21 (13.6) | 34 (7.7) | 0.030 |
| Asthma | 11 (1.9) | 2 (1.3) | 9 (2.1) | 0.74 |
| Hypertension | 203 (34.2) | 52 (33.8) | 151 (34.4) | 0.89 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 71 (12.0) | 13 (8.4) | 58 (13.2) | 0.12 |
| Coronary heart disease | 69 (11.6) | 23 (14.9) | 46 (10.5) | 0.14 |
| Previous malignancy | 48 (8.1) | 13 (8.4) | 35 (8.0) | 0.85 |
| Steroid use | 31 (5.2) | 11 (7.1) | 20 (4.6) | 0.22 |
| Combined treatment modalities, n (%) | ||||
| Neoadjuvant therapy | 52 (8.8) | 14 (9.1) | 38 (8.7) | 0.87 |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy | 188 (31.7) | 53 (34.4) | 135 (30.8) | 0.40 |
| Intraoperative parameters | ||||
| Tumor location, n (%) | 0.13 | |||
| Right upper lobe | 209 (35.2) | 59 (38.3) | 150 (34.2) | |
| Left upper lobe | 126 (21.2) | 27 (17.5) | 99 (22.6) | |
| Right lower lobe | 117 (19.7) | 28 (18.2) | 89 (20.3) | |
| Left lower lobe | 83 (14.0) | 29 (18.8) | 54 (12.3) | |
| Right middle lobe | 58 (9.8) | 11 (7.1) | 47 (10.7) | |
| Pleural invasion, n (%) | 0.51 | |||
| None | 287 (48.4) | 71 (46.1) | 216 (49.2) | |
| Visceral | 267 (45.0) | 70 (45.5) | 197 (44.9) | |
| Parietal | 39 (6.6) | 13 (8.4) | 26 (5.9) | |
| Pulmonary fissure completeness, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Complete | 394 (66.4) | 74 (51.9) | 320 (72.9) | |
| Incomplete | 199 (33.6) | 80 (48.1) | 119 (27.1) | |
| Perioperative blood transfusion | 6 (1.0) | 2 (1.3) | 4 (0.9) | 0.65 |
| Estimated intraoperative blood loss (mL) | 0.057 | |||
| Mean ± SD | 79.0±145.5 | 105.0±217.1 | 70.0±106.5 | |
| Median (IQR) | 50 (20.0–100.0) | 50 (20.0–100.0) | 50 (20.0–80.0) | |
| Operation time (min) | 0.089 | |||
| Mean ± SD | 114.6±61.9 | 125.9±71.2 | 110.4±57.5 | |
| Median (IQR) | 110 (80.0–145.0) | 120 (71.0–180.0) | 110 (80.0–140.0) | |
| Conversion to thoracotomy (%) | 19 (3.2) | 14 (9.1) | 5 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| Pathological parameters | ||||
| Histology, n (%) | 0.79 | |||
| Adenocarcinoma | 459 (77.4) | 118 (76.6) | 341 (77.7) | |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 134 (22.6) | 36 (23.4) | 98 (22.3) | |
| Differentiation degree, n (%) | 0.12 | |||
| Low | 110 (18.5) | 35 (22.7) | 75 (17.1) | |
| Moderate/high | 483 (81.5) | 119 (77.3) | 364 (82.9) | |
| Tumor invasion (T-stage), n (%) | 0.54 | |||
| T1 | 254 (42.8) | 65 (42.3) | 189 (43.1) | |
| T2-3 | 339 (57.2) | 89 (57.7) | 250 (56.9) | |
| Lymph node metastasis (N-stage), n (%) | 0.24 | |||
| N0 | 481 (81.1) | 120 (77.9) | 361 (82.2) | |
| N1-2 | 112 (18.9) | 34 (22.1) | 78 (17.8) | |
| TNM-stage, n (%) | 0.10 | |||
| I | 444 (74.9) | 107 (69.5) | 337 (76.8) | |
| II–IIIa | 149 (25.1) | 47 (30.5) | 102 (23.2) | |
| Postoperative complications, n (%) | ||||
| Overall morbidity | 173 (29.2) | 47 (30.5) | 126 (28.7) | 0.67 |
| Cardiopulmonary complications | 107 (18.0) | 30 (19.5) | 77 (17.5) | 0.59 |
| Surgical complications | 100 (16.9) | 37 (24.0) | 63 (14.4) | 0.006 |
IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation