Table 3. Perioperative baseline characteristics for 19 converted patients and 574 completely VATS patients.
| Characteristics | Total (n=593) | Converted patients (n=19) | Completely VATS patients (n=574) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With PSCs (n=86) | Without PSCs (n=488) | ||||
| Basic information | |||||
| Age (years) | 0.002 | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 63.1±8.4 | 69.6±6.0 | 63.6±7.5 | 62.7±8.5 | |
| Median (IQR) | 63 (58.0–69.0) | 71 (64.0–75.0) | 62 (59.0–69.0) | 63 (57.0–69.0) | |
| Gender (Male, %) | 337 (56.8) | 16 (84.2) | 65 (75.6) | 256 (52.5) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.033 | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 23.4±3.0 | 24.5±2.9 | 22.9±3.2 | 23.5±3.0 | |
| Median (IQR) | 23.3 (21.2–25.4) | 24.5 (22.8–27.3) | 22.5 (20.6–24.6) | 23.3 (21.3–25.4) | |
| Smoking history (%) | 276 (46.5) | 12 (63.2) | 55 (64.0) | 209 (42.8) | <0.001 |
| Preoperative comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 137 (23.1) | 11 (57.9) | 30 (34.9) | 96 (19.7) | <0.001 |
| Tuberculosis | 55 (9.3) | 4 (21.1) | 8 (9.3) | 43 (8.8) | 0.29 |
| Preoperative respiratory infection | 55 (9.3) | 8 (42.1) | 14 (16.3) | 33 (6.8) | <0.001 |
| Asthma | 11 (1.9) | 2 (10.5) | 2 (2.3) | 7 (1.4) | 0.11 |
| Hypertension | 203 (34.2) | 5 (26.3) | 37 (43.0) | 161 (33.0) | 0.15 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 71 (12.0) | 1 (5.3) | 9 (10.5) | 61 (12.5) | 0.52 |
| Coronary heart disease | 69 (11.6) | 4 (21.1) | 12 (14.0) | 53 (10.9) | 0.35 |
| Previous malignancy | 48 (8.1) | 4 (21.1) | 6 (7.0) | 38 (7.8) | 0.19 |
| Steroid use | 31 (5.2) | 3 (15.8) | 7 (8.1) | 21 (4.3) | 0.082 |
| Combined treatment modalities, n (%) | |||||
| Neoadjuvant therapy | 52 (8.8) | 2 (10.5) | 9 (10.5) | 41 (8.4) | 0.80 |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy | 188 (31.7) | 6 (31.6) | 35 (40.7) | 147 (30.1) | 0.15 |
| Intraoperative parameters | |||||
| Tumor location, n (%) | 0.93 | ||||
| Right upper lobe | 209 (35.2) | 6 (31.6) | 25 (29.1) | 150 (34.2) | |
| Left upper lobe | 126 (21.2) | 4 (21.1) | 19 (22.1) | 103 (21.1) | |
| Right lower lobe | 117 (19.7) | 5 (26.3) | 19 (22.1) | 93 (19.1) | |
| Left lower lobe | 83 (14.0) | 2 (10.5) | 12 (14.0) | 69 (14.1) | |
| Right middle lobe | 58 (9.8) | 2 (10.5) | 11 (12.8) | 45 (9.2) | |
| Pleural invasion, n (%) | 0.087 | ||||
| None | 287 (48.4) | 6 (31.6) | 35 (40.7) | 246 (50.4) | |
| Visceral | 267 (45.0) | 9 (47.4) | 45 (52.3) | 213 (43.6) | |
| Parietal | 39 (6.6) | 4 (21.1) | 6 (7.0) | 29 (5.9) | |
| Pleural adhesion, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Presence | 154 (26.0) | 14 (73.7) | 27 (31.4) | 113 (23.2) | |
| Absence | 439 (74.0) | 5 (26.3) | 59 (68.6) | 375 (76.8) | |
| Pulmonary fissure completeness, n (%) | 0.001 | ||||
| Complete | 394 (66.4) | 6 (31.6) | 52 (60.5) | 336 (68.9) | |
| Incomplete | 199 (33.6) | 13 (68.4) | 34 (39.5) | 152 (31.1) | |
| Estimated intraoperative blood loss (mL) | <0.001 | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 79.0±145.5 | 535.7±535.9 | 80.0±73.2 | 60.0±63.5 | |
| Median (IQR) | 50 (20.0–100.0) | 500 (100.0–800.0) | 50 (30.0–100.0) | 50 (20.0–80.0) | |
| Operation time (min) | <0.001 | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 114.6±61.9 | 229.4±48.2 | 129.0±72.6 | 106.7±54.4 | |
| Median (IQR) | 110 (80.0–145.0) | 210 (190.0–280.0) | 120 (90.0–160.0) | 100 (70.0–140.0) | |
| Pathological parameters | |||||
| Histology, n (%) | 0.64 | ||||
| Adenocarcinoma | 459 (77.4) | 13 (68.4) | 66 (76.7) | 380 (77.9) | |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 134 (22.6) | 6 (31.6) | 20 (23.3) | 108 (22.1) | |
| Differentiation degree, n (%) | 0.090 | ||||
| Low | 110 (18.5) | 2 (26.7) | 23 (26.7) | 85 (17.4) | |
| Moderate/high | 483 (81.5) | 17 (89.5) | 63 (73.3) | 403 (82.6) | |
| Tumor invasion (T-stage), n (%) | 0.001 | ||||
| T1 | 254 (42.8) | 4 (21.1) | 24 (27.9) | 226 (46.3) | |
| T2-3 | 339 (57.2) | 15 (78.9) | 62 (72.1) | 262 (53.7) | |
| Lymph node metastasis (N-stage), n (%) | 0.24 | ||||
| N0 | 481 (81.1) | 15 (78.9) | 64 (74.4) | 402 (82.4) | |
| N1-2 | 112 (18.9) | 4 (21.1) | 22 (25.6) | 86 (17.6) | |
| TNM-stage, n (%) | 0.10 | ||||
| I | 444 (74.9) | 13 (68.4) | 56 (65.1) | 375 (76.8) | |
| II–IIIa | 149 (25.1) | 6 (31.6) | 30 (34.9) | 113 (23.2) | |
| Postoperative complications, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Overall morbidity | 173 (29.2) | 16 (84.2) | 86 (100.0) | 71 (14.5) | |
| Cardiopulmonary complications | 107 (18.0) | 10 (52.6) | 36 (41.9) | 61 (12.5) | |
| Surgical complications | 100 (16.9) | 14 (73.7) | 86 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
VATS, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; IQR, interquartile range; PSC, postoperative surgical complication; SD, standard deviation.