Table 4. Multivariate analysis on predictors for conversion to thoracotomy.

Estimated factors	Odds ratio	95% CI	P value
Male gender	2.32	0.62–8.62	0.21
Age (≥65 vs. <65 years)	2.12	0.76–5.92	0.15
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	2.34	0.83–6.61	0.11
Preoperative respiratory infection	4.35	1.46–12.97	0.008
Presence of pleural adhesions	5.49	1.79–16.83	0.003
Incomplete pulmonary fissures	2.32	0.76–6.53	0.14

CI, confidence interval.