Table 5. Multivariate analysis on predictors for postoperative surgical complications in 574 completely VATS patients.

Estimated factors	Odds ratio	95% CI	P value
Male gender	1.92	0.72–5.13	0.19
Smoking history	1.26	0.64–2.47	0.51
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	1.74	1.04–2.91	0.035
Preoperative respiratory infection	2.89	1.34–6.20	0.007
Presence of pleural adhesions	1.94	1.05–3.55	0.033
Operation time (≥110 vs. <110 min)	2.17	1.18–4.01	0.013
Tumor invasion (T2-3 vs. T1)	1.71	0.89–3.26	0.11
TNM-stage (II–IIIa vs. I)	1.06	0.54–2.06	0.87

VATS, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; CI, confidence interval.