Table 7.
Resistance modulating effects of the leaves methanol extract from Syzygium jambos at its subinhibitory concentrations on selected MDR Gram-negative bacteria.
| Antibiotics | Extract concentration |
Bacteria, MIC (μg/mL), and modulating factors (in bracket) | Antibiotic modulating effect (%) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E. coli | E. aerogenes | K. pneumoniae | P. stuartii | P. aeruginosa | ||||||||
| AG102 | AG100Atet | EA27 | EA289 | KP55 | KP63 | PS2636 | NEA16 | PA01 | PA 124 | |||
| CHL | 0 | 64 | 8 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 32 | 64 | 64 | 32 | |
| MIC/2 | <2 (>32) | 2 (4) | 32 (2) | 32 (2) | 32 (2) | 32 (2) | 32 (1) | 16 (4) | 32 (2) | 2 (16) | 90.00 | |
| MIC/4 | 32 (2) | 4 (2) | 64 (1) | 32 (2) | 32 (2) | 32 (2) | 32 (1) | 32 (2) | 32 (2) | 4 (8) | 80.00 | |
| KAN | 0 | 32 | 4 | 16 | 32 | 64 | 64 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 64 | |
| MIC/2 | 8 (4) | 2 (2) | 2 (8) | 16 (2) | 64 (1) | 64 (1) | 2 (8) | 4 (8) | 8 (2) | 32 (2) | 80.00 | |
| MIC/4 | 16 (2) | 4 (1) | 2 (8) | 32 (1) | 64 (1) | 64 (1) | 4 (4) | 16 (2) | 16 (1) | 32 (2) | 50.00 | |
| STP | 0 | 128 | 256 | 256 | 64 | 64 | 256 | 256 | 16 | 256 | 64 | |
| MIC/2 | 2 (64) | 2 (128) | 8 (32) | 64 (1) | 32 (2) | 64 (4) | 256 (1) | 16 (1) | 256 (1) | 16 (4) | 60.00 | |
| MIC/4 | 64 (2) | 128 (2) | 64 (2) | 64 (1) | 32 (2) | 128 (2) | 256 (1) | 16 (1) | 256 (1) | 32 (2) | 60.00 | |
| CIP | 0 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 4 | 16 | 2 | 2 | 16 | |
| MIC/2 | 8 (1) | <0.5 (>2) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 8 (1) | 2 (2) | 2 (8) | 2 (1) | 1 (2) | 4 (4) | 50.00 | |
| MIC/4 | 8 (1) | <0.5 (>2) | 4 (1) | 1 (1) | 8 (1) | 2 (2) | 8 (2) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 8 (2) | 40.00 | |
| TET | 0 | 8 | <0,5 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 4 | 32 | 16 | 16 | |
| MIC/2 | <0.5 (>16) | <0,5 (na) | 16 (4) | 8 (4) | 2 (8) | 16 (2) | 1 (4) | 32 (1) | 2 (8) | 1 (16) | 80.00 | |
| MIC/4 | 4 (2) | <0,5 (na) | 16 (4) | 16 (2) | 2 (8) | 16 (2) | 1 (4) | 32 (1) | 2 (8) | 1 (16) | 80.00 | |
| ERY | 0 | 64 | 8 | 16 | 64 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 32 | |
| MIC/2 | 16 (4) | 2 (4) | 4 (4) | 32 (2) | 32 (2) | 32 (1) | 8 (2) | 16 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (4) | 90.00 | |
| MIC/4 | 16 (4) | 2 (4) | 16 (1) | 32 (2) | 64 (1) | 32 (1) | 8 (2) | 32 (1) | 8 (2) | 32 (1) | 50.00 | |
TET: tetracycline, KAN: kanamycin, ERY: erythromycin, CHL: chloramphenicol, CIP: ciprofloxacin, AMP: ampicillin, STR: streptomycin, CEF: cefepime; (-): MIC not detected at up to 256 μg/mL; (): modulating factor; na: not applicable; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration; percentage of antibiotic's modulating effect by the plant extracts; values in bold represent modulating factor ≥ 2 and modulating effect observed on more than 70% of the tested MDR bacteria.