Table 4.

MicroRNA involved in diabetic nephropathy.

miRNAs	Source	Model	miRNA levels	Putative targets	Pathogenic role	Reference
21	Glomeruli Kidney	DM2 patients with albuminuria, STZ-DM mice	↑	SMAD7, TGF-βR2 PDCD4, Col4a1, TIMP3	↓ fibrosis, ↓ podocyte damage	[42]
	Kidney	db/db mice KK/Ay mice	↑	SMAD7	↑ fibrosis, ↑ inflammation	[44, 45]
	Kidney	OVE26 mice	↑	PTEN	↑ fibrosis	[43]
	Glomeruli	db/db mice	↓	PTEN	↑ fibrosis	[72]
25	Kidney	DM2 patients with DN STZ-DM rats STZ-DM mice and db/db mice	↓	PTEN NOX4 CDC42	↑ oxidative stress, ↑ apoptosis, ↑ fibrosis, ↑ podocyte injury	[66–68]
26a	Glomeruli	DM2 patients with DN STZ-DM mice	↓	CTGF	↑ fibrosis	[102]
27a	Glomeruli Kidney	DM2 patients with DN STZ-DM rats	↑	PPAR-γ	↑ podocyte damage, ↑ fibrosis	[58, 101]
29a	Glomeruli	STZ-DM mice	↓	HDAC4	↑ podocyte injury, ↑ fibrosis	[54]
29b	Kidney	db/db mice	↓	SP1	↑ fibrosis, ↑ inflammation	[38]
29c	Glomeruli	db/db mice	↑	SPRY1	↑ fibrosis, ↑ podocyte injury	[59]
34a	Glomeruli	db/db mice	↑	GAS1	Glomerular hypertrophy	[69]
93	Glomeruli Kidney	db/db mice DM patients with DN	↓	MSK2/VEGF	↑ VEGF, podocyte damage	[55, 56]
130b	Glomeruli	STZ-DM mice	↓	TGF-βR1	↑ fibrosis	[89]
	Kidney	DM2 patients and STZ-DM rats	↓	SNAIL	↑ EMT	[105]
135a	Kidney	DM patients with DN and db/db mice	↑	TRPC1	↑ fibrosis	[103]
146a	Kidney	DM2 patients with DN, STZ-DM rats and DM2 rats STZ-DM mice and db/db mice	↑	IRAK1, TRAF6	↓ inflammation, ↓ fibrosis	[28]
		DM2 patients and ob/ob mice	↓	ERB-B4, NOTCH-1	↑ podocyte injury	[33]
155	Kidney	DM2 patients with DN, STZ-DM rats and DM2 rats STZ-DM mice	↑	SOCS1	↓ inflammation, ↑ podocyte damage	[28, 57]
192	Kidney	Patients with advanced DN ApoE-KO DM mice	↓	ZEB1/2	↑ EMT, ↑ fibrosis (tubule-interstitial)	[91, 92]
	Glomeruli Kidney	STZ-DM mice and db/db mice DM2 patients with early DN	↑	ZEB1/2	↑ fibrosis (glomeruli)	[77, 78, 80]
195	Glomeruli Kidney	STZ-DM mice (proteinuric)	↑	BCL2	↑ podocyte damage/apoptosis	[63]
	Kidney	Early DN mice	↓	BCL2	↑ mesangial cell proliferation	[64]
215	Glomeruli Kidney	db/db mice	↑	CTNNBIP1	↑ EMT	[104]
	Kidney	ApoE-KO STZ mice	↓	ZEB2	↑ EMT, ↑ fibrosis	[87]
216a	Glomeruli	STZ-DM mice and db/db mice	↑	YBX1	↑ fibrosis	[81]
200b	Kidney	ApoE KO STZ mice	↓	ZEB1/2, FN	↑ EMT	[93–95]
200b/c	Glomeruli	STZ-DM mice and db/db mice	↑	FOG2, ZEB1	Glomerular hypertrophy	[73, 79]
377	Kidney	STZ-DM mice and NOD mice	↑	PAK1, SOD2	↑ fibrosis	[90]
let-7a	Kidney	DM2 patients with early DN STZ-DM rats	↓	UHRF1 TGF-βR1	↑ fibrosis	[88, 96]
let-7/7b	Glomeruli Kidney	ApoE-KO STZ mice	↓	Col1a2, Col4a1 TGF-βR1	↑ fibrosis	[85, 86]

STZ: streptozotocin; DM: diabetes; DN: diabetic nephropathy; KO: knockout; EMT: epithelial mesenchymal transition.