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. 2018 Mar 21;6:55. doi: 10.1186/s40168-018-0439-y

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Protective effects of propionate against oxidative stress. a Representation of stress response genes significantly upregulated in the current study and directly influenced by NFE2L2, the master regulator of antioxidant responses [54]. b Confocal microscopic analysis of expression of NFE2L2 (Nrf2) in hCMEC/D3 cells following treatment for 24 h with 1 μM propionate; scale bar (10 μm) applies to all images. Images are representative of at least three independent experiments. c Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in control and propionate pre-treated (1 μM, 24 h) hCMEC/D3 cells treated for 30 min with the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone (2.5 μM). Data are mean ± SEM, n = 3 independent experiments