Table 4.
Performance measures, quality of life, and risk of adverse outcomes of participants in different frailty and cognitive status according to baseline CMMSE delayed recall score.a
| Robust |
Pre-frailty |
P/OR(95% CI)† |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | No cognitive impairment(1) (n = 929) |
Cognitive impairment(2) (n = 1,079) |
No cognitive impairment(3) (n = 663) |
Cognitive impairment(4) (n = 820) |
(1 vs. 4) | (2 vs. 4) | (3 vs. 4) |
| Physical performance at year 4b | |||||||
| Grip strength, kg | 28.47 ± 7.92 | 27.65 ± 8.03 | 25.33 ± 7.92 | 24.17 ± 7.39 | 0.098 | 0.010 | 0.681 |
| Gait speed, m/s | 1.01 ± 0.21 | 0.97 ± 0.21 | 0.89 ± 0.23 | 0.86 ± 0.22 | <0.001 | 0.085 | 0.543 |
| Five chair stand, s | 9.61 ± 3.51 | 9.98 ± 3.67 | 11.50 ± 5.65 | 11.88 ± 6.18 | 0.027 | 0.015 | 0.323 |
| Cognitive performance at year 4b | |||||||
| Global cognitive functioning | |||||||
| CMMSE total score | 27.06 ± 2.84 | 26.13 ± 3.45 | 26.57 ± 3.08 | 25.66 ± 3.60 | 0.114 | 0.255 | 0.536 |
| Domain-specific cognition | |||||||
| CMMSE time orientation score <5 | 128 (16.10) | 195 (21.41) | 94 (18.58) | 165 (26.74) | 1.71 (1.26, 2.33) | 1.40 (1.06, 1.86) | 1.48 (1.09, 2.01) |
| CMMSE place orientation score <5 | 154 (19.37) | 259 (28.43) | 145 (28.66) | 204 (33.06) | 1.66 (1.25, 2.21) | 1.07 (0.83, 1.38) | 1.08 (0.82, 1.42) |
| CMMSE registration score <3 | 20 (2.52) | 29 (3.18) | 20 (3.95) | 26 (4.21) | 1.45 (0.69, 3.04) | 1.15 (0.61, 2.15) | 1.02 (0.54, 1.93) |
| CMMSE attention/calculation score <5 | 317 (39.87) | 411 (45.12) | 213 (42.09) | 303 (49.11) | 1.46 (1.12, 1.90) | 1.24 (0.96, 1.59) | 1.39 (1.07, 1.81) |
| CMMSE delayed recall score <3 | 235 (29.56) | 419 (45.99) | 163 (32.21) | 314 (50.89) | 1.21 (0.75, 1.96) | 1.05 (0.83, 1.32) | 1.11 (0.68, 1.79) |
| CMMSE language and praxis score <9 | 414 (52.08) | 532 (58.40) | 303 (59.88) | 404 (65.48) | 1.46 (1.13, 1.89) | 1.31 (1.02, 1.67) | 1.22 (0.94, 1.58) |
| Adverse outcomes at year 4–12b | |||||||
| Poor quality of life (SF-12 PCS) at year 4 | 162 (20.38) | 226 (24.81) | 159 (31.42) | 213 (34.52) | 1.68 (1.25, 2.26) | 1.34 (1.03, 1.75) | 1.12 (0.85, 1.47) |
| Poor quality of life (SF-12 MCS) at year 4 | 132 (16.60) | 193 (21.19) | 116 (22.92) | 149 (24.15) | 1.35 (0.98, 1.85) | 0.89 (0.66, 1.19) | 1.05 (0.78, 1.42) |
| Incident physical limitation at year 4 | 187 (23.52) | 263 (28.87) | 181 (35.77) | 237 (38.41) | 1.78 (1.36, 2.34) | 1.48 (1.15, 1.91) | 1.10 (0.85, 1.43) |
| Increased cumulative hospital stay at year 7 | 136 (14.66) | 191 (17.70) | 174 (26.24) | 207 (25.24) | 1.43 (1.08, 1.91) | 1.20 (0.93, 1.55) | 0.83 (0.65, 1.08) |
| Mortality over an average of 12 years | 125 (13.46) | 151 (13.99) | 138 (20.81) | 194 (23.66) | 1.27 (0.94, 1.72) | 1.17 (0.88, 1.55) | 1.01 (0.76, 1.32) |
Data are reported as either number (percentage) or mean ± SD.
aCognitive impairment was defined by a CMMSE delayed recall score of <3.
bAnalyses were based on valid cases observed for grip strength (n = 2,798), gait speed (n = 2,821), five chair stand (n = 2,789), CMMSE, SF-12 and incident physical limitation (n = 2,829), increased cumulative hospital stay (n = 3,490), and mortality (n = 3,491).
†P-values/ORs (95% CI) were obtained from multivariate linear regression/logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, education (below secondary vs. secondary or above), social economic status ladder—Hong Kong (≤4 vs. >4), smoking (current smokers vs. non-current smokers), alcohol intake (>12 vs. ≤12 alcoholic drinks in past 12 m), physical activity (PASE total score), dietary intakes (DQI-I), BMI, and baseline value of respective outcome variable (when appropriate).
CMMSE, Cantonese Mini-Mental Status Examination; DQI-I, Diet Quality Index-International; PASE, Physical Activity Scale of the Elderly; BMI, body mass index.